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Brassica --- oilseed rape --- transgenic plants

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In recent decades, independent national and international research programs have revealed possible reasons behind the death of managed honey bee colonies worldwide. Such losses are not due to a single factor, but instead are due to highly complex interactions between various internal and external influences, including pests, pathogens, honey bee stock diversity, and environmental changes. Reduced honey bee vitality and nutrition, exposure to agrochemicals, and the quality of colony management contribute to reduced colony survival in beekeeping operations. Our Special Issue (SI) on ‘’Monitoring of Honey Bee Colony Losses” aims to address the specific challenges that honey bee researchers and beekeepers face. This SI includes four reviews, with one being a meta-analysis that identifies gaps in the current and future directions for research into honey bee colonies’ mortalities. Other review articles include studies regarding the impact of numerous factors on honey bee mortality, including external abiotic factors (e.g., winter conditions and colony management) as well as biotic factors such as attacks by Vespa velutina and Varroa destructor.

Technology: general issues --- Biotechnology --- Apis mellifera --- honey bee colony losses --- biotic factors --- abiotic factors --- varroa mite detection --- diagnosis --- infestation --- mortality --- control --- organic treatment --- Apis cerana --- agriculture --- forests --- home garden --- neonicotinoid --- Tetragonula laeviceps --- Vespa velutina --- alien driver --- honey bee --- damage --- pollinator --- populations under study --- biological effects --- stress --- experimental methods --- techniques --- honey bees --- Varroa destructor --- experimental apiaries --- varroacidal efficacy --- VMP --- honeybee mortality incidents --- pesticide --- survey --- LC-MS/MS --- GC-MS/MS --- hydroxymethylfurfural --- cell death --- immunohistochemistry --- Nosema ceranae --- corn --- honeybee colony --- monitoring hive --- neonicotinoids --- oilseed rape --- sunflower --- varroa control --- colony losses --- forage --- beekeeping --- citizen science --- overwintering --- monitoring --- honey bee diseases --- stressors --- pathology --- honey bee mortalities --- colonies management --- BPMN --- hives monitoring --- IoT --- modeling & simulation --- interoperability --- sensors --- honeybee behavior --- Industry 4.0 --- workflow

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The concept of nitrogen gap (NG), i.e., its recognition and amelioration, forms the core of this book entitled Site-Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM). Determination of the presence of an NG between fields on a farm and/or within a particular field, together with its size, requires a set of highly reliable diagnostic tools. The necessary set of diagnostic tools, based classically on pedological and agrochemical methods, should be currently supported by remote-sensing methods. A combination of these two groups of methods is the only way to recognize the factors responsible for yield gap (YG) appearance and to offer a choice of measures for its effective amelioration. The NG concept is discussed in the two first papers (Grzebisz and Łukowiak, Agronomy 2021, 11, 419; Łukowiak et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1959). Crop productivity depends on a synchronization of plant demand for nitrogen and its supply from soil resources during the growing season. The action of nitrate nitrogen (N–NO3), resulting in direct plant crop response, can be treated by farmers as a crucial growth factor. The expected outcome also depends on the status of soil fertility factors, including pools of available nutrients and the activity of microorganisms. Three papers are devoted to these basic aspects of soil fertility management (Sulewska et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1958; Grzebisz et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1701; Hlisnikovsky et al., Agronomy 2021, 11, 1333). The resistance of a currently cultivated crop to seasonal weather variability depends to a great extent on the soil fertility level. This aspect is thoroughly discussed for three distinct soil types and climates with respect to their impact on yield (Hlisnikovsky et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1160—Czech Republic; Wang et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1237—China; Łukowiak and Grzebisz et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1364—Poland). In the fourth section of this book, the division a particular field into homogenous production zones is discussed as a basis for effective nitrogen management within the field. This topic is presented for different regions and crops (China, Poland, and the USA) (Cammarano et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1767; Panek et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1842; Larson et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1858).

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Technology, engineering, agriculture --- Triticum aestivum L. --- farmyard manure --- mineral fertilizers --- crude protein content --- soil properties, site-specific requirements --- yield --- site-specific nitrogen management --- regional optimal nitrogen management --- net return --- nitrogen use efficiency --- spatial variability --- temporal variability --- seed density --- N uptake --- indices of N productivity --- mineral N --- indigenous Nmin at spring --- post-harvest Nmin --- N balance --- N efficiency --- maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II --- chlorophyll content index --- soil enzymatic activity --- biological index fertility --- nitrogenase activity --- microelements fertilization (Ti --- Si --- B --- Mo --- Zn) --- soil --- nitrate nitrogen content --- contents of available phosphorus --- potassium --- magnesium --- calcium --- cardinal stages of WOSR growth --- PCA --- site-specific nutrient management --- soil brightness --- satellite remote sensing --- crop yield --- soil fertility --- winter wheat --- winter triticale --- vegetation indices --- NDVI --- grain yield --- number of spikes --- economics --- normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) --- on-the-go sensors --- winter oilseed rape → winter triticale cropping sequence --- N input --- N total uptake --- N gap --- Beta vulgaris L. --- organic manure --- weather conditions --- soil chemistry --- sugar concentration --- climatic potential yield --- yield gap --- soil constraints --- subsoil --- remote sensing-techniques --- field --- a field --- crop production --- sustainability --- homogenous productivity units --- nitrogen indicators: in-season --- spatial --- vertical variability of N demand and supply --- spectral imagery --- Triticum aestivum L. --- farmyard manure --- mineral fertilizers --- crude protein content --- soil properties, site-specific requirements --- yield --- site-specific nitrogen management --- regional optimal nitrogen management --- net return --- nitrogen use efficiency --- spatial variability --- temporal variability --- seed density --- N uptake --- indices of N productivity --- mineral N --- indigenous Nmin at spring --- post-harvest Nmin --- N balance --- N efficiency --- maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II --- chlorophyll content index --- soil enzymatic activity --- biological index fertility --- nitrogenase activity --- microelements fertilization (Ti --- Si --- B --- Mo --- Zn) --- soil --- nitrate nitrogen content --- contents of available phosphorus --- potassium --- magnesium --- calcium --- cardinal stages of WOSR growth --- PCA --- site-specific nutrient management --- soil brightness --- satellite remote sensing --- crop yield --- soil fertility --- winter wheat --- winter triticale --- vegetation indices --- NDVI --- grain yield --- number of spikes --- economics --- normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) --- on-the-go sensors --- winter oilseed rape → winter triticale cropping sequence --- N input --- N total uptake --- N gap --- Beta vulgaris L. --- organic manure --- weather conditions --- soil chemistry --- sugar concentration --- climatic potential yield --- yield gap --- soil constraints --- subsoil --- remote sensing-techniques --- field --- a field --- crop production --- sustainability --- homogenous productivity units --- nitrogen indicators: in-season --- spatial --- vertical variability of N demand and supply --- spectral imagery

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The concept of nitrogen gap (NG), i.e., its recognition and amelioration, forms the core of this book entitled Site-Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM). Determination of the presence of an NG between fields on a farm and/or within a particular field, together with its size, requires a set of highly reliable diagnostic tools. The necessary set of diagnostic tools, based classically on pedological and agrochemical methods, should be currently supported by remote-sensing methods. A combination of these two groups of methods is the only way to recognize the factors responsible for yield gap (YG) appearance and to offer a choice of measures for its effective amelioration. The NG concept is discussed in the two first papers (Grzebisz and Łukowiak, Agronomy 2021, 11, 419; Łukowiak et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1959). Crop productivity depends on a synchronization of plant demand for nitrogen and its supply from soil resources during the growing season. The action of nitrate nitrogen (N–NO3), resulting in direct plant crop response, can be treated by farmers as a crucial growth factor. The expected outcome also depends on the status of soil fertility factors, including pools of available nutrients and the activity of microorganisms. Three papers are devoted to these basic aspects of soil fertility management (Sulewska et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1958; Grzebisz et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1701; Hlisnikovsky et al., Agronomy 2021, 11, 1333). The resistance of a currently cultivated crop to seasonal weather variability depends to a great extent on the soil fertility level. This aspect is thoroughly discussed for three distinct soil types and climates with respect to their impact on yield (Hlisnikovsky et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1160—Czech Republic; Wang et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1237—China; Łukowiak and Grzebisz et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1364—Poland). In the fourth section of this book, the division a particular field into homogenous production zones is discussed as a basis for effective nitrogen management within the field. This topic is presented for different regions and crops (China, Poland, and the USA) (Cammarano et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1767; Panek et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1842; Larson et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1858).

Triticum aestivum L. --- farmyard manure --- mineral fertilizers --- crude protein content --- soil properties, site-specific requirements --- yield --- site-specific nitrogen management --- regional optimal nitrogen management --- net return --- nitrogen use efficiency --- spatial variability --- temporal variability --- seed density --- N uptake --- indices of N productivity --- mineral N --- indigenous Nmin at spring --- post-harvest Nmin --- N balance --- N efficiency --- maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II --- chlorophyll content index --- soil enzymatic activity --- biological index fertility --- nitrogenase activity --- microelements fertilization (Ti --- Si --- B --- Mo --- Zn) --- soil --- nitrate nitrogen content --- contents of available phosphorus --- potassium --- magnesium --- calcium --- cardinal stages of WOSR growth --- PCA --- site-specific nutrient management --- soil brightness --- satellite remote sensing --- crop yield --- soil fertility --- winter wheat --- winter triticale --- vegetation indices --- NDVI --- grain yield --- number of spikes --- economics --- normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) --- on-the-go sensors --- winter oilseed rape → winter triticale cropping sequence --- N input --- N total uptake --- N gap --- Beta vulgaris L. --- organic manure --- weather conditions --- soil chemistry --- sugar concentration --- climatic potential yield --- yield gap --- soil constraints --- subsoil --- remote sensing-techniques --- field --- a field --- crop production --- sustainability --- homogenous productivity units --- nitrogen indicators: in-season --- spatial --- vertical variability of N demand and supply --- spectral imagery