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Renewable fuels and chemicals derived from lignocellulosic biomass offer unprecedented opportunities for replacing fossil fuel derivatives, reducing our overdependence on imported oil, and mitigating current climate change trends. Despite technical developments and considerable efforts, breakthrough technologies are still required to overcome hurdles in developing sustainable biorefineries. In recent years, new biorefinery concepts including a lignin-first approach and a closed-loop biorefinery have been introduced to tackle technoeconomic challenges. Furthermore, researchers have advanced the development of new technologies which enable the utilization of biomass components for sustainable materials. It is now apparent that advanced processes are essential for ensuring the success of future biorefineries. This book presents processes for biomass fractionation, lignin valorization, and sugar conversion or introduces new bioproducts (chemicals and materials) from renewable resources, addressing the current status, technical/technoeconomic challenges, and new strategies.

Technology: general issues --- Biomass --- two-step pretreatment --- steam explosion --- organosolv treatment --- empty fruit bunch --- pinewood --- green pretreatment --- enzymatic hydrolysis --- lignin structural features --- poplar --- FTIR --- contaminants --- by-products --- lignin valorization --- lignin applications --- 3D printing --- electrochemical material --- medical application --- drying effect --- cellulose --- hornification --- porosity --- bioethanol --- economic analysis --- hand sanitiser --- oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) --- simultaneous saccharification and fermentation --- SuperPro Designer® --- renewable fuel --- high-density fuel --- α-pinene dimerization --- turpentine --- stannic chloride molten salt hydrates --- xylooligosaccharides --- autohydrolysis --- sweet sorghum bagasse --- isobutanol --- biorefinery --- metabolic engineering --- biomass utilization --- aqueous biphasic system --- dilute acid hydrolysate --- furfural production --- solvent extraction --- response surface methodology --- biomass fractionation --- bioproducts

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Renewable fuels and chemicals derived from lignocellulosic biomass offer unprecedented opportunities for replacing fossil fuel derivatives, reducing our overdependence on imported oil, and mitigating current climate change trends. Despite technical developments and considerable efforts, breakthrough technologies are still required to overcome hurdles in developing sustainable biorefineries. In recent years, new biorefinery concepts including a lignin-first approach and a closed-loop biorefinery have been introduced to tackle technoeconomic challenges. Furthermore, researchers have advanced the development of new technologies which enable the utilization of biomass components for sustainable materials. It is now apparent that advanced processes are essential for ensuring the success of future biorefineries. This book presents processes for biomass fractionation, lignin valorization, and sugar conversion or introduces new bioproducts (chemicals and materials) from renewable resources, addressing the current status, technical/technoeconomic challenges, and new strategies.

Biomass --- two-step pretreatment --- steam explosion --- organosolv treatment --- empty fruit bunch --- pinewood --- green pretreatment --- enzymatic hydrolysis --- lignin structural features --- poplar --- FTIR --- contaminants --- by-products --- lignin valorization --- lignin applications --- 3D printing --- electrochemical material --- medical application --- drying effect --- cellulose --- hornification --- porosity --- bioethanol --- economic analysis --- hand sanitiser --- oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) --- simultaneous saccharification and fermentation --- SuperPro Designer® --- renewable fuel --- high-density fuel --- α-pinene dimerization --- turpentine --- stannic chloride molten salt hydrates --- xylooligosaccharides --- autohydrolysis --- sweet sorghum bagasse --- isobutanol --- biorefinery --- metabolic engineering --- biomass utilization --- aqueous biphasic system --- dilute acid hydrolysate --- furfural production --- solvent extraction --- response surface methodology --- biomass fractionation --- bioproducts

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In this book, 15 papers, covering some of the latest advances in pretreatment and bioconversion of crop residues, are presented. Research results dealing with wheat straw, corn stover, sweet sorghum bagasse, hazelnut shells, oil palm empty fruit bunch, olive tree pruning biomass, and other residues of crop harvest and processing are discussed. Pretreatment methods, such as auto-catalyzed and acid-catalyzed hydrothermal processing, steaming, alkaline methods, and different organosolv approaches, are reported. Bioconversion with enzymes and microbes for producing fermentable sugars, xylitol, and biomethane are also included.

Technology: general issues --- oil palm empty fruit bunch --- lignin recovery --- lignin purity --- digestible cellulose --- organosolv pretreatment --- Ferulic acid --- Feruloyl esterase --- Xylanase --- Synergy --- Xylo-oligosaccharides --- olive tree harvest --- lignocellulose nanofibers --- circular economy --- valorization --- pretreatments --- high-pressure homogenization --- biorefinery --- hazelnut shells --- hydrothermal pretreatment --- hemicelluloses --- oligosaccharides --- antioxidant activity --- corn stover --- pretreatment --- steam refining --- enzymatic hydrolysis --- alkaline extraction --- lignin --- organosolv --- fractionation --- characterization --- Paulownia --- alkaline pretreatment --- enzyme cocktail --- glycosyl hydrolase --- termite metagenome derived enzymes --- sugarcane bagasse --- soybean husks --- palm empty fruit bunches --- recombinant enzymes --- techno-economic study --- castor plant --- biodiesel --- bioethanol --- alkali pretreatment --- delignification --- cellulose --- cellulose-containing materials --- Penicillium verruculosum --- biomass --- enzyme --- consolidated bioprocessing --- wheat bran --- rice straw --- acidic hydrolysis --- fermentation --- aeration --- detoxification --- wheat straw --- bioconversion inhibitors --- ethanolic fermentation --- barley crop residue --- biochemical methane potential --- material degradability --- anaerobic indicators --- biogas feasibility --- biogas emissions --- n/a

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Green technologies can be identified as key components in Industry 4.0. The scope of this book is to address how conventional green technologies can be a part of smart industries by minimizing waste, maximizing productivity, optimizing the supply chain, or by additive manufacturing. This theme focuses on the scope and challenges of integrating current environmental technologies in future industries. This book, “Green Technologies: Bridging Conventional Practices and Industry 4.0”, aims to incorporate and introduce the advances in green technologies to the cyber-based industries. It is hoped that the novel green technologies presented in this book are useful in assisting the global community in working towards fulfilling the Sustainable Development Goals.

History of engineering & technology --- wood flour --- oil adsorption --- superhydrophobic --- superoleophilic --- oil-water separation --- sustainable material --- sachet-water plastic waste --- oil palm empty fruit bunch --- TGA-DSC analysis --- activation energy --- physio-thermal analysis --- co-pyrolysis --- eutrophication --- sugarcane bagasse --- adsorption --- harvest --- biodiesel --- reusability --- Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel --- palm biodiesel --- engine performance --- exhaust emissions --- alternative fuel --- transesterification --- multiple frequency marine controlled-source electromagnetic technique --- Gaussian process --- uncertainty quantification --- computer experiment, electromagnetic profile estimation --- Malaysia --- Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) --- Waste-to-Energy (WTE) --- sustainability --- technical --- economic --- environmental --- social --- optimization --- P-graph --- municipal solid waste conversion technology --- silicon oxycarbide --- thermal conductivity --- floating plants --- SiOC --- silica --- ammonium-based protic ionic liquids --- density --- thermal expansion coefficient --- viscosity --- thermal stability --- CO2 absorption --- rubber-seed shell --- activated carbon --- CO2 adsorption --- isotherms --- kinetics modeling --- milk --- protein --- liquid biphasic flotation --- dairy waste --- recovery --- Cape gooseberry --- color space selection --- color space combination --- food engineering --- anaerobic digestion --- co-digestion --- wastewater --- biogas production --- methane yield, sludge --- sandwich composite fire --- mechanical responses --- moisture content --- balsa core --- mass loss kinetic --- buckling failure --- liquid biphasic system --- aqueous two-phase system --- aqueous biphasic system --- purification --- separation --- biomolecules --- black soldier fly --- yeast --- fermentation --- larvae --- organic waste --- coconut endosperm waste --- n/a --- black soldier fly larvae --- lipid --- substrate --- PC/ABS --- carbon black --- electromagnetic shielding effectiveness --- dissipation of electrostatic discharge --- surface resistivity

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Green technologies can be identified as key components in Industry 4.0. The scope of this book is to address how conventional green technologies can be a part of smart industries by minimizing waste, maximizing productivity, optimizing the supply chain, or by additive manufacturing. This theme focuses on the scope and challenges of integrating current environmental technologies in future industries. This book, “Green Technologies: Bridging Conventional Practices and Industry 4.0”, aims to incorporate and introduce the advances in green technologies to the cyber-based industries. It is hoped that the novel green technologies presented in this book are useful in assisting the global community in working towards fulfilling the Sustainable Development Goals.

wood flour --- oil adsorption --- superhydrophobic --- superoleophilic --- oil-water separation --- sustainable material --- sachet-water plastic waste --- oil palm empty fruit bunch --- TGA-DSC analysis --- activation energy --- physio-thermal analysis --- co-pyrolysis --- eutrophication --- sugarcane bagasse --- adsorption --- harvest --- biodiesel --- reusability --- Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel --- palm biodiesel --- engine performance --- exhaust emissions --- alternative fuel --- transesterification --- multiple frequency marine controlled-source electromagnetic technique --- Gaussian process --- uncertainty quantification --- computer experiment, electromagnetic profile estimation --- Malaysia --- Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) --- Waste-to-Energy (WTE) --- sustainability --- technical --- economic --- environmental --- social --- optimization --- P-graph --- municipal solid waste conversion technology --- silicon oxycarbide --- thermal conductivity --- floating plants --- SiOC --- silica --- ammonium-based protic ionic liquids --- density --- thermal expansion coefficient --- viscosity --- thermal stability --- CO2 absorption --- rubber-seed shell --- activated carbon --- CO2 adsorption --- isotherms --- kinetics modeling --- milk --- protein --- liquid biphasic flotation --- dairy waste --- recovery --- Cape gooseberry --- color space selection --- color space combination --- food engineering --- anaerobic digestion --- co-digestion --- wastewater --- biogas production --- methane yield, sludge --- sandwich composite fire --- mechanical responses --- moisture content --- balsa core --- mass loss kinetic --- buckling failure --- liquid biphasic system --- aqueous two-phase system --- aqueous biphasic system --- purification --- separation --- biomolecules --- black soldier fly --- yeast --- fermentation --- larvae --- organic waste --- coconut endosperm waste --- n/a --- black soldier fly larvae --- lipid --- substrate --- PC/ABS --- carbon black --- electromagnetic shielding effectiveness --- dissipation of electrostatic discharge --- surface resistivity