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chemical engineering --- simulation & modeling --- separation process --- catalysis --- mass transfer --- oil & gas

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The Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership (GGFR) provides its members with overviews of the potential solutions to recover and monetize the flared and/or associated gas. The purpose of this report is to compare the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) chain concepts that could be used to monetise small volumes (1-15MMscf/d) of associated gas and avoid or reduce the current gas flaring. Both LNG and CNG concepts have been developed for over 50 years in similar though not exactly the same ways, and have gained some maturity as a result of the gas market expansion. The CNG and LNG reports analysed the available technologies and the development of the respective chains in specific countries for a better understanding of the mechanism of their evolution and for possible application in other emerging countries. This report will compare both CNG and LNG chain concepts for small volumes monetisation and will identify the drivers that could increase their implementation to reduce gas flaring and its consequential emissions.

Compressed Natural Gas --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy Markets --- Finance --- Natural Gas --- Oil & Gas

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The Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership (GGFR) provides its members with overviews of the potential solutions to recover and monetize the flared and/or associated gas. This study analyses two options that could be used for this monetization of small volumes (1 -15 MMscf/d): the LNG and CNG chain concepts. Technologies are available for both concepts, with different maturity level from the gained experiences and for different transportation conditions (quantities, distances). The available technologies allow a choice of implementation options to suit the volume of gas to be transported and the distance from field to consumer. The cost of the chain depends upon the parameters governing the gas recovery, its transportation and its delivery. Among these parameters the most important are the gas volume and the transportation distance.

Compressed Natural Gas --- Energy --- Energy Demand --- Energy Markets --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Oil & Gas --- Transport

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The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) is an international standard to promote open and accountable management of natural resources. By encouraging governments, extractive companies, civil society and the public to engage in discourse around transparency of the extractive sector, it aims to facilitate the management of a country's natural resource wealth to benefit all its citizens. The EITI is implemented at the national level. As of June 2016, 51 countries are implementing the EITI in accordance with the 2016 EITI Standard. Since its inception, EITI implementing countries have published EITI Reports covering more than 300 fiscal years. This report provides format options and recommendations for data output for EITI Requirements listed under the 2016 EITI Standard. These recommendations are based on identifying commonly used and evolving data categories under each Requirement and spell out qualitative and quantitative data formats. Where international standards are available and where these are emerging, the report uses these as its basis of recommendations. The recommendations for data outputs are meant to compliment the narrative provided within the Country Report, and is not to be considered a replacement for other reporting requirements under the EITI. The objective of this report is to present, in a structured form, data categories and their reporting formats, that can be used to standardize information generated under each EITI Requirement. The review conducted for this study included a sample of recent EITI Country Reports, as well as other initiatives and industry standards. These recommendations should be considered as a contribution in the efforts towards standardizing data reporting under EITI Requirements, and need to be tested to identify issues with data collection under the headings as categorized in this report.

Energy --- Energy Policies & Economics --- Energy Sector Regulation --- Environment and Natural Resource Management --- Fiscal Policy --- Legal Reform --- Mining --- Oil & Gas --- Other Accountability/anti-Corruption --- Public Sector Governance

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The Arab region faces a growing realization that development paths of the past are no longer capable of achieving national objectives. The problem of insufficient job creation in the Arab region is mounting, and without fundamental transitions in the Arab economies which ensure greater and sustainable job creation, the employment challenge will worsen rapidly and dramatically. The authors will articulate the broad course of action needed in the Arab economies. First, in Section II the authors describe the development challenges facing the Arab world, in particular, the challenge of employment creation. In Section III, the authors examine the constraints of the old development model in the region in terms of meeting these development challenges. Section IV proposes a set of transitions that constitute the contours of a new development model. Section V outlines the fundamental changes needed for making this transition, including improved governance, higher quality education and greater gender equality. The concluding section VI makes a few observations about the feasibility and issues of implementation.

Accountability --- Arab States --- Economic Growth --- Energy --- Finance --- Gender --- Job Creation --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Oil & Gas --- Poverty Reduction --- Private Sector --- Unemployment