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Die 1970er Jahre waren beiderseits des Rheins gekennzeichnet von den Folgen schwerer gesellschaftlicher Umbrüche, wirtschaftlicher Erschütterungen und innen- wie außenpolitischer Unsicherheit. Der Band setzt sich mit Perzeption und Konsequenzen der Protestbewegung von 1968 auseinander, aber auch mit den Folgen des Ölpreisschocks und der Bedrohung durch den Terrorismus als transnationale Phänomene. Sie veränderten das politische System, soziale Praktiken, wirtschaftliche Handlungsagenden, diskursive Strategien und kulturelle Wahrnehmungen in beiden Ländern tiefgreifend. Auf allen diesen Feldern vergleichen Historikerinnen und Historiker aus Deutschland und Frankreich Entwicklungen, die bis heute unsere Wahrnehmung prägen.

France -- Politics and government -- 1969-1974. --- France -- Politics and government -- 1974-1981. --- Germany (West) -- Politics and government -- 1945-1990. --- Protest movements -- France -- History -- 20th century. --- Protest movements -- Germany (West) -- History -- 20th century. --- Germany (West) --- Regions & Countries - Europe --- History & Archaeology --- Germany --- Social conditions --- Protest movements --- History --- France --- Politics and government --- Social movements --- 1973 oil crisis. --- France. --- West Germany. --- social history.

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This paper reviews recent developments in biofuel markets and their economic, social and environmental impacts. Several countries have introduced mandates and targets for biofuel expansion. Production, international trade and investment have increased sharply in the past few years. However, several existing studies have blamed biofuels as one of the key factors behind the 2007-2008 global food crisis, although the magnitudes of impacts in these studies vary widely depending on the underlying assumptions and structure of the models. Existing studies also have huge disparities in the magnitude of long-term impacts of biofuels on food prices and supply; studies that model only the agricultural sector show higher impacts, whereas studies that model the entire economy show relatively lower impacts. In terms of climate change mitigation impacts, there exists a consensus that current biofuels lead to greenhouse gas mitigation only when greenhouse gas emissions related to land-use change are not counted. If conversion of carbon rich forest land to crop land is not avoided, the resulting greenhouse gas release would mean that biofuels would not reduce cumulative greenhouse gas emissions until several years had passed. Overall, results from most of the existing literature do not favor diversion of food for large-scale production of biofuels, although regulated production of biofuels in countries with surplus land and a strong biofuel industry are not ruled out. Developments in second generation biofuels offer some hope, yet they still compete with food supply through land use and are currently constrained by a number of technical and economic barriers.

Climate Change --- Climate Change Mitigation --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Diesel --- Energy --- Energy Consumption --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Energy Supply --- Environment --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Environmental Impacts --- Ethanol --- Ethanol Program --- Food & Beverage Industry --- Fossil --- Fossil Fuel --- Fossil fuel consumption --- Fossil fuels --- Gasoline --- Generation --- Greenhouse gas --- Greenhouse gas emissions --- Industry --- Oil --- Oil crisis --- Oil price --- Oil prices --- Renewable Energy

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Emerging from the ruins of the Second World War, the Japanese economy has grown at double-digit rate throughout much of the 1950's and 1960's, and, when the oil crisis of the 1970's slowed growth throughout the industrialized world, Japanese growth throughout the industrialized world, Japanese growth rates remained relatively strong. There have been many attempts by scholars from a wide range of disciplines to explain this remarkable history, but for economists interested in the quantitative analysis of economic growth and the principal question addressed is how Japan was able to grow so rapidly. The contributors focus their efforts on the accurate measurement and comparison of Japanese and U.S. economic growth. Assuming that any sustained increase in real GNP must be due either to an increase in the quantity of capital and labor used in production or to the more efficient use of these inputs, the authors analyze the individual contributions of various factors and their importance in the process of output growth. These essays extend the methodology of growth analysis and offer many insights into the factors leading to the superior performance of the Japanese economy. They demonstrate that growth is a complex process and no single factor can explain the Japanese 'miracle.'

Economic structure --- United States --- Japan --- JP / Japan - Japon --- US / United States of America - USA - Verenigde Staten - Etats Unis --- 338.023 --- 380.23 --- Arbeidsproductiviteit. --- Vorming van internationale prijzen. Internationale gelijkheden en verschillen. Concurrentievermogen. --- Conferences - Meetings --- Industrial productivity --- Productivity, Industrial --- TFP (Total factor productivity) --- Total factor productivity --- Industrial efficiency --- Production (Economic theory) --- Congresses --- Arbeidsproductiviteit --- Vorming van internationale prijzen. Internationale gelijkheden en verschillen. Concurrentievermogen --- japan, economy, growth, oil crisis, industry, capital, labor, production, competition, canada, automotive, manufacturing, electrical machinery, research and development, strike, taxes, taxation, corporate, investment, income, trade, business, economics, finance, nonfiction, price shocks, energy, firms, productivity, workforce, management. --- United States of America

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"One of the nation's foremost urban historians traces the history of cooperative housing in New York City from the 1920s through the 1970sAs World War II ended and Americans turned their attention to problems at home, union leaders and other prominent New Yorkers came to believe that cooperative housing would solve the city's century-old problem of providing decent housing at a reasonable cost for working-class families. Working-Class Utopias tells the story of this ambitious movement from the construction of the Amalgamated Houses after World War I to the building of Co-op City, the world's largest housing cooperative, four decades later.Robert Fogelson brings to life a tumultuous era in the life of New York, drawing on a wealth of archival materials such as community newspapers, legal records, and personal and institutional papers. In the early 1950s, a consortium of labor unions founded the United Housing Foundation under the visionary leadership of Abraham E. Kazan, who was supported by Nelson A. Rockefeller, Robert F. Wagner Jr., and Robert Moses. With the help of the state, which provided below-market-rate mortgages, and the city, which granted tax abatements, Kazan's group built large-scale cooperatives in every borough except Staten Island. Then came Co-op City, built in the Bronx in the 1960s as a model for other cities but plagued by unforeseen fiscal problems, culminating in the longest and costliest rent strike in American history. Co-op City survived, but the United Housing Foundation did not, and neither did the cooperative housing movement.Working-Class Utopias is essential reading for anyone seeking to understand the housing problem that continues to plague New York and cities across the nation"-- "As opposed to the co-ops and condominiums that we might think of today-buildings built by speculative developers, sold to well-to-do Americans, and conceived of as an integral part of the capitalist market-the country's first cooperative housing was conceived of as an effective way to address the problem of housing low- and moderate-income Americans. Built in the 1960s, Co-op City in the Bronx, New York, remains the one of the largest housing cooperatives in the world. Created by the United Housing Foundation, which for more than a decade had built and managed smaller cooperative housing around New York City, this "city" was designed to accommodate between 55,000 and 60,000 people, an extraordinary population. Working Class Utopias tells the story of Co-op City and the larger cooperative housing movement in New York City from the 1920s to the 1970s, when financial struggles between the UHF and Co-op residents proved to be the beginning of the end of non-profit cooperative housing not only in New York, but elsewhere in the United States. While Co-op City and other non-profit cooperatives still served tens of thousands of people, they were no longer viewed as a solution to the problem of housing working-class Americans. In examining this history, Robert Fogelson allows us to better understand the rise and fall of a once-promising idea-providing insight into the intractability of the housing problem still faced by cities around the country"--

Housing policy. --- Housing, Cooperative. --- Housing policy --- Co-op City (New York, N.Y.) --- History --- 1973 oil crisis. --- A Good School. --- Abraham Beame. --- Aftermath of World War II. --- Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America. --- American Veterans Committee. --- Andrew Stein. --- Apartment. --- Architectural Forum. --- Arthur Levitt. --- Bear Stearns. --- Bond (finance). --- Borough president. --- Chairman. --- Charles Abrams. --- Co-op City, Bronx. --- Committee. --- Consolidated Edison. --- Cooperative. --- David Dubinsky. --- Debt limit. --- Demagogue. --- Dilapidation. --- District Council 37. --- Economics. --- Ed Koch. --- Eugene V. Debs. --- Eviction. --- Expense. --- Extended family. --- Fair Deal. --- Family income. --- Federal Housing Administration. --- Finance. --- Fiorello H. La Guardia. --- Foreclosure. --- George W. Bush. --- Gimbels. --- Grandparent. --- Great Society. --- Harry P. Cain. --- Harry Van Arsdale, Jr. --- Head of Household. --- Herman Badillo. --- Herman Jessor. --- House law. --- Housing Act of 1937. --- Housing authority. --- Housing cooperative. --- Housing development. --- Housing. --- How the Other Half Lives. --- Income. --- Institutional investor. --- Jack Newfield. --- Jacob Riis. --- Jimmy Carter. --- John F. Kennedy. --- John N. Mitchell. --- John W. Bricker. --- Late fee. --- Layoff. --- Lehman Brothers. --- Lewis F. Powell Jr. --- Lower East Side. --- MTA Bridges and Tunnels. --- Mortgage loan. --- Municipal Art Society. --- National Labor Relations Act. --- New York Bus Service. --- Percival Goodman. --- Political machine. --- Property tax. --- Public housing. --- Rent control in New York. --- Rent strike. --- Robert F. Wagner Jr. --- Robert Moses. --- Securities Act of 1933. --- Shortage. --- Slum. --- Slumlord. --- Socialist Party of America. --- State housing. --- Sweatshop. --- Tax. --- Tenement. --- The New York Times. --- The Price of Admission. --- Thomas E. Dewey. --- Trade union. --- Unemployment. --- United Workers Association. --- Urban renewal. --- Watergate scandal. --- Westbrook Pegler. --- William Jennings Bryan. --- William Zeckendorf. --- Window Dressing. --- Zionism.

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"France is often described as one of the last Western economies unable to reform itself in the face of globalization. Yet its economy has not fallen by the wayside and has even resisted the great recession that began in 2008. By interlinking historical, economic, and political factors and by comparing France with other nations, this book explains the puzzle presented by the development of France. Understanding France's economy requires downplaying the usual policy injunctions-demands for less state control and less rigidity in the labor market-and instead stressing the importance of constructing a long-term industrial strategy."--Publisher.

France -- Economic conditions -- 1945-. --- France -- Economic conditions -- 20th century. --- France -- Economic policy -- 1945-. --- France -- Economic policy -- 20th century. --- Business & Economics --- Economic History --- France --- Economic conditions --- Economic policy --- E-books --- BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Economic History. --- France - Economic conditions - 1945-. --- labour market. --- employment policy. --- economic conditions. --- economic policy. --- industrial policy. --- history. --- France. --- политика на заетост --- tööhõivepoliitika --- política de empleo --- Beschäftigungspolitik --- πολιτική απασχόλησης --- politika zamestnanosti --- политика за вработување --- beskæftigelsespolitik --- política do emprego --- politique de l'emploi --- nodarbinātības politika --- politică de angajare a forței de muncă --- užimtumo politika --- politica occupazionale --- politika zapošljavanja --- politikë punësimi --- sysselsättningspolitik --- polityka zatrudnienia --- политика запошљавања --- politika zaposlovanja --- työllisyyspolitiikka --- foglalkoztatáspolitika --- politika tal-impjiegi --- beartas fostaíochta --- politika zaměstnanosti --- werkgelegenheidsbeleid --- Arbeitsplatzflexibilität --- labour policy --- politika të punës --- politika darbaspēka jautājumos --- tööjõupoliitika --- Arbeitsbeschaffungspolitik --- darbvietu elastība --- политика на вработување --- стратегија за вработување --- politika práce --- politica muncii --- politica dell'occupazione --- zaměstnanost --- mjere zapošljavanja --- arbetsmarknadspolitik --- munkaerő-politika --- politica del lavoro --- política laboral --- arbeidsbeleid --- pracovná politika --- política del trabajo --- darbo politika --- política do trabalho --- tewerkstellingsbeleid --- politique du travail --- pracovná pružnosť --- työvoimapolitiikka --- Arbeitsmarktpolitik --- εργασιακή πολιτική --- tööturupoliitika --- arbetsmarknad --- arbejdsmarked --- suq tax-xogħol --- tržište rada --- arbeidsmarkt --- пазар на работна сила --- Arbeitsmarkt --- αγορά της εργασίας --- pracovný trh --- тржиште рада --- mercato del lavoro --- trg dela --- пазар на труд --- margadh an tsaothair --- darba tirgus --- trh práce --- rynek pracy --- treg i punës --- marché du travail --- piața muncii --- mercado do trabalho --- työmarkkinat --- mercado laboral --- munkaerőpiac --- tööturg --- darbo rinka --- työllisyystaso --- situação do emprego --- margadh saothair --- užimtumo padėtis --- επίπεδο απασχόλησης --- nivel punësimi --- mercado de trabajo --- úroveň zaměstnanosti --- työllisyystilanne --- employment level --- Beschäftigungsniveau --- tööhõive tase --- úroveň zamestnanosti --- situácia v zamestnanosti --- niveau d'emploi --- situation de l'emploi --- employment situation --- nivel de ocupare a forței de muncă --- situatë punësimi --- munkaerő-piaci helyzet --- beskæftigelsesmarked --- tööhõive olukord --- nodarbinātības līmenis --- werkgelegenheidsniveau --- Arbeitsmarktsituation --- стапка на вработеност --- nivel de empleo --- mercato dell'occupazione --- livello occupazionale --- κατάσταση της απασχόλησης --- Beschäftigungslage --- užimtumo lygis --- situación del empleo --- werkgelegenheidssituatie --- anställningsnivå --- foglalkoztatási szint --- beskæftigelsessituation --- situace v zaměstnanosti --- nível de emprego --- marché de l'emploi --- nodarbinātības stāvoklis --- situazione occupazionale --- anställningssituation --- beskæftigelsesniveau --- Francuska --- Franciaország --- An Fhrainc --- Frankrig --- Franza --- Frankrike --- Francja --- Franța --- Франция --- Francia --- Francúzsko --- Franca --- Francie --- Francija --- Франција --- Γαλλία --- Француска --- Prantsusmaa --- Prancūzija --- França --- Ranska --- Frankrijk --- Frankreich --- Ranskan tasavalta --- Republica Franceză --- Francúzska republika --- Prancūzijos Respublika --- Republika Franceze --- Република Франција --- République française --- Republiken Frankrike --- Γαλλική Δημοκρατία --- die Französische Republik --- Francuska Republika --- Franse Republiek --- Француска Република --- French Republic --- Francijas Republika --- ir-Repubblika Franċiża --- Republika Francuska --- Den Franske Republik --- Francia Köztársaság --- República Francesa --- Francouzská republika --- Repubblica francese --- Prantsuse Vabariik --- Francoska republika --- Френска република --- História --- ιστορία --- storja --- histori --- historie --- historia --- história --- история --- stair --- geschiedenis --- történettudomány --- povijest --- zgodovina --- histoire --- историја --- Geschichtswissenschaft --- storia --- istorija --- ajalugu --- vēsture --- istorie --- Geschichte --- historiografie --- storiografia --- dějiny národů --- historiador --- dějepis --- historická věda --- történelem --- Industriepolitik --- teollisuuspolitiikka --- beartas tionsclaíoch --- industriebeleid --- tööstuspoliitika --- pramonės politika --- politica industriale --- politika industrijali --- průmyslová politika --- индустријска политика --- política industrial --- rūpniecības politika --- iparpolitika --- индустриална политика --- industrijska politika --- politika industriale --- priemyselná politika --- politică industrială --- βιομηχανική πολιτική --- polityka przemysłowa --- industripolitik --- politique industrielle --- индустриска политика --- индустриска развојна програма --- Industriestrukturpolitik --- мерки за развој на индустријата --- piano industriale --- programma industriale --- politika ekonomike --- økonomisk politik --- majanduspoliitika --- hospodárska politika --- hospodářská politika --- política económica --- икономическа политика --- polityka gospodarcza --- ekonomikas politika --- ekonomisk politik --- Wirtschaftspolitik --- gazdaságpolitika --- talouspolitiikka --- economisch beleid --- οικονομική πολιτική --- beartas eacnamaíoch --- politică economică --- politica economica --- politika ekonomika --- ekonomska politika --- економска политика --- ekonominė politika --- politique économique --- wirtschaftspolitische Leitlinien --- ekonomisk inriktning --- hospodářské rozhodování --- escolha económica --- opzione economica --- gazdaságpolitikai elképzelések --- ekonomický prístup --- gestión económica --- gazdasági megközelítés --- orientamento economico --- taloudellinen lähestymistapa --- majanduslik lähenemisviis --- ekonomisk kurs --- gazdaságpolitikai döntés --- економски пристап --- ekonomiskt val --- obiettivo economico --- economische keuze --- opțiune economică --- Globalsteuerung der Wirtschaft --- qasje ekonomike --- wirtschaftspolitische Entscheidung --- gazdaságpolitikai iránymutatás --- choix économique --- orientation économique --- ekonominis pasirinkimas --- decisione economica --- orientação económica --- ekonomiskā izvēle --- økonomisk kurs --- ekonomický přístup --- стопанска политика --- økonomisk valg --- opción económica --- ekonomická volba --- ekonomiskā pieeja --- wirtschaftliche Zielvorstellungen --- οικονομική επιλογή --- obiectiv economic --- ekonomická politika --- economische koers --- metody řízení národního hospodářství --- ekonomická voľba --- ekonomski pristup --- taloudellinen valinta --- majanduslik valik --- zgjedhje ekonomike --- scelta economica --- economic approach --- οικονομικός προσανατολισμός --- ekonominis požiūris --- gospodarska politika --- economic choice --- majandustingimused --- condición económica --- dálaí eacnamaíocha --- икономически условия --- condition économique --- ekonomiska förhållanden --- ekonomické podmínky --- kushte ekonomike --- ekonominės sąlygos --- taloudelliset olot --- економски услови --- Wirtschaftsverhältnisse --- økonomisk stilling --- економске прилике --- condições económicas --- economische toestand --- warunki gospodarcze --- ekonomske prilike --- hospodárske podmienky --- gospodarske razmere --- gazdasági feltételek --- condizione economica --- οικονομικές συνθήκες --- kundizzjonijiet ekonomiċi --- saimnieciskie nosacījumi --- condiții economice --- aspecto económico --- tržní vývoj --- aspekt ekonomik --- aspetto economico --- aspeto económico --- οικονομική πλευρά --- ekonomisk aspekt --- околности во стопанството --- aspect economic --- markedsudvikling --- taloudellinen näkökohta --- οικονομική όψη --- ekonomiskais aspekts --- hospodářské podmínky --- economic aspect --- ekonomické poměry --- aspect économique --- majanduslik aspekt --- Marktentwicklung --- gazdasági szempontok --- економско опкружување --- economische aspecten --- gospodarske prilike --- ekonominis aspektas --- hospodárske hľadisko --- hospodářské aspekty --- økonomisk aspekt --- економски аспект --- business and industry. --- business. --- career. --- development of france. --- economic growth. --- economic history. --- economic recovery. --- economics. --- employment. --- france. --- french economic policies. --- french economy. --- french history. --- globalization. --- government and governing. --- great recession. --- historical. --- industrial revolution. --- industrial strategy. --- labor market. --- liberalism. --- mass unemployment. --- oil crisis. --- political economy. --- political. --- politics. --- socialism. --- soft economic liberalism. --- state control. --- western economies.