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Azoospermia, defined as the absence of sperm in the ejaculate after examination of the centrifuged specimens, affects about 1% of the male population and 10–15% of infertile men. In about two-thirds of cases, this is caused by severe spermatogenic dysfunction, and it is commonly termed “nonobstructive azoospermia” (NOA) to differentiate it from the less severe form of azoospermia caused by the obstruction of the seminal tract (obstructive azoospermia—OA), the latter affecting the remaining one-third of cases. Managing patients with NOA is challenging due to the severity of spermatogenic dysfunction and the lack of medical treatments, with surgical retrieval of testicular sperm being the only way of enabling some of these patients to father their own biological children. In-depth clinical knowledge is key for supporting clinical reasoning and decision making when counselling patients with NOA, and surgical skill is required to maximize the outcome of surgical procedures that aim to retrieve testicular sperm. The present book is a collection of scientific papers published in a Special Issue of the Journal of Clinical Medicine, authored by some of the most influential researchers in the field. The Special Issue, and thus also this book, were conceived to provide early career reproductive urologists and endocrinologists with an update of the scientific evidence in the field, together with surgical tips.

Medicine --- Pharmacology --- nonobstructive azoospermia --- micro-TESE --- FSH treatment --- hormonal treatment --- testosterone level --- microdissection testicular sperm extraction --- non-obstructive azoospermia --- management --- infertility --- intracytoplasmic sperm injection --- testicular azoospermia --- sperm selection --- sperm --- cryopreservation --- in vitro maturation --- azoospermia --- diagnosis --- male infertility --- spermatogenic failure --- testis biopsy --- sperm retrieval --- genetic testing --- endocrine evaluation --- review --- hypogonadism --- Sertoli cell-only syndrome --- testicular spermatozoa --- processing --- microfluidics --- new technologies --- genetics --- exome --- WES --- Y chromosome --- cancer --- NOA --- genes --- general health --- ICSI --- offspring health --- microTESE --- prediction model --- nonobstructive azoospermia --- micro-TESE --- FSH treatment --- hormonal treatment --- testosterone level --- microdissection testicular sperm extraction --- non-obstructive azoospermia --- management --- infertility --- intracytoplasmic sperm injection --- testicular azoospermia --- sperm selection --- sperm --- cryopreservation --- in vitro maturation --- azoospermia --- diagnosis --- male infertility --- spermatogenic failure --- testis biopsy --- sperm retrieval --- genetic testing --- endocrine evaluation --- review --- hypogonadism --- Sertoli cell-only syndrome --- testicular spermatozoa --- processing --- microfluidics --- new technologies --- genetics --- exome --- WES --- Y chromosome --- cancer --- NOA --- genes --- general health --- ICSI --- offspring health --- microTESE --- prediction model

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In pregnancy, maternal nutrition sustains and nourishes the developing child. Imbalances in either the direction of nutritional excess or deficiency can have adverse consequences for child health. In addition, more research now suggests that good pregnancy nutrition influences child health beyond pregnancy and delivery. This includes modifying the risk of child health outcomes as they enter childhood and adulthood through influences on placental development, hormonal pathways, and organ structure and function. Poor pregnancy nutrition may also compromise maternal health during pregnancy, which may have long-term consequences for women’s health. Understanding the biological and social mechanisms operating during pregnancy can help in the design of better clinical and public health interventions. This Special Issue on “The Role of Pregnancy Nutrition in Maternal and Offspring Health” includes etiological and mechanistic studies of pregnancy nutrition with short- and long-term maternal and child health outcomes, including original research, narrative reviews, and systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Together, this body of work provides important insights into the influence of dietary patterns, food groups, and nutrients on pregnancy outcomes, and long-term neurodevelopmental, respiratory, and metabolic health in the children. It also highlights nutritional consequences for specific groups of women, including those with pregnancy complications and eating disorders.

non-IgE-mediated food reactions --- eating disorders --- foetal programming --- bulimia nervosa --- Obesity --- fatty fish --- Mediterranean diet --- angiogenesis --- pregnancy --- asthma --- preeclampsia --- infant nutrition --- food clusters --- placenta --- maternal nutrition --- DHA --- chronic kidney disease --- Dlx3 --- pregnancy outcomes --- neonatal outcomes --- choline --- offspring health --- sirtuin --- omega-3 --- inflammation --- placental insufficiency --- gestational diabetes --- docosahexaenoic acid --- fetal development --- birth weight --- binge eating disorder --- preterm Birth --- vitamin D --- food frequency questionnaire --- eating behavior --- attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity --- SGA --- systematic review --- weaning --- hypothalamic inflammation --- birthweight --- dietary screening --- food-related IgG --- breastfeeding --- purging --- preterm birth --- Rhodiola --- foetal growth --- micronutrients --- gestational age --- obesity prevention --- autism spectrum disorder --- vegan diets --- pregnancy nutrition --- Iodine --- nutritional programing --- dietary behaviour --- preterm labor --- nutrition --- birth length --- ghrelin --- lactation --- immunomodulators --- head circumference --- Echinacea --- dietary habits --- brain health --- probiotics --- Camellia --- large for gestational age (LGA) --- apoptosis --- vegetarian diets --- human milk --- anorexia nervosa --- neurodevelopmental disorders --- lifestyle intervention --- placental transport --- diet --- microglia --- Panax --- eye function --- plant-based diets --- social experiment --- meta-analysis --- essential fatty acids --- etiology --- small for gestational age (SGA) --- Insufficiency --- developmental origins of health and disease --- fortification