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Volcanic dust, climate change, tsunamis, earthquakes-geoscience explores phenomena that profoundly affect our lives. But more than that, as Doug Macdougall makes clear, the science also provides important clues to the future of the planet. In an entertaining and accessibly written narrative, Macdougall gives an overview of Earth's astonishing history based on information extracted from rocks, ice cores, and other natural archives. He explores such questions as: What is the risk of an asteroid striking Earth? Why does the temperature of the ocean millions of years ago matter today? How are efforts to predict earthquakes progressing? Macdougall also explains the legacy of greenhouse gases from Earth's past and shows how that legacy shapes our understanding of today's human-caused climate change. We find that geoscience in fact illuminates many of today's most pressing issues-the availability of energy, access to fresh water, sustainable agriculture, maintaining biodiversity-and we discover how, by applying new technologies and ideas, we can use it to prepare for the future.

Historical geology. --- Geology. --- asteroids. --- biodiversity. --- climate change. --- conservation. --- earth sciences. --- earth. --- earthquakes. --- environmental impact. --- environmentalism. --- environmentalists. --- geological history. --- geologists. --- geology. --- geoscience. --- geoscientists. --- greenhouse gases. --- historical. --- human impact. --- ice cores. --- natural archives. --- natural history. --- natural phenomena. --- nonfiction. --- ocean temperatures. --- past lessons. --- retrospective. --- rock science. --- science history. --- scientists. --- sustainable agriculture.

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This paper uses district level data to estimate the general relationship between climate, income and life expectancy in Peru. The analysis finds that both incomes and life expectancy show hump-shaped relationships, with optimal average annual temperatures around 18-20 Degree Celsius. These estimated relationships were used to simulate the likely effects of both past (1958-2008) and future (2008-2058) climate change. At the aggregate level, future climate change in Peru is estimated to cause a small reduction in average life expectancy of about 0.2 years. This average, however, hides much larger losses in the already hot areas as well as substantial gains in currently cold areas. Similarly, the average impact on incomes is a modest reduction of 2.3 percent, but with some districts experiencing losses of up to 20 percent and others gains of up to 13 percent. Future climate change is estimated to cause an increase in poverty (all other things equal), but to have no significant effect on the distribution of incomes.

Climate --- Climate Change Economics --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Climates --- Daily temperature --- Effect of temperature --- Environment --- Excessive rainfall --- Extreme events --- Future Climate Change --- Global temperatures --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Impacts of Climate Change --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Meteorological stations --- Ocean currents --- Ocean temperatures --- Population Policies --- Science and Technology Development --- Science of Climate Change --- Scientific evidence --- Temperature --- Temperature anomalies --- Temperature anomaly --- Temperature changes --- Temperature increases --- Temperature variations --- Temperatures