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Ocean color --- Optical oceanography --- Color

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Imaging spectrometers. --- Ocean color scanner. --- Optical measurement. --- Optical properties. --- Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor.

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Oceanography --- Information storage and retrieval systems --- Ocean color --- Marine biology --- Marine meteorology --- Data processing --- International cooperation --- Oceanography --- Research --- Data processing --- Research --- Data processing --- Research --- Data processing

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Ocean color measured by satellite-mounted optical sensors is an essential climate variable that is routinely used as a central element for assessing the health and productivity of marine ecosystems and the role of oceans in the global carbon cycle. For satellite ocean color to be reliable and used in these and other important environmental applications, the data must be trustworthy and high quality. Pre-flight and on-board calibration of satellite ocean color sensors is conducted; however, once in orbit, the data quality can only be fully assessed via independent calibration and validation activities using surface measurements. These measurements therefore need to be at least as high quality as the satellite data, which necessitates SI traceability and a full uncertainty budget. This is the basis for fiducial reference measurements (FRMs) and the FRM4SOC project, which was an European Space Agency (ESA) initiative to establish and maintain SI-traceable ground-based FRM for satellite ocean color, thus providing a fundamental contribution to the European system for monitoring the Earth (Copernicus). This Special Issue of MDPI Remote Sensing is designed to showcase this essential Earth observation work through the publication of the project’s main achievements and results accompanied by other select relevant articles.

VIIRS --- SNPP --- NOAA-20 --- DINEOF --- ocean color data --- data merging --- gap-filling --- ocean color radiometers --- radiometric calibration --- indoor intercomparison measurement --- agreement between sensors --- measurement uncertainty --- field intercomparison measurement --- Hyperspectral reflectance --- validation --- autonomous measurements --- ground-truth data --- system design --- downwelling irradiance --- satellite validation --- Fiducial Reference Measurements --- water reflectance --- satellite --- calibration --- solar diffusor --- SDSM --- desert trend --- lunar calibration --- RVS --- MODIS --- Aqua --- ocean color --- water-leaving radiance --- atmospheric correction --- Sentinel-3 OLCI --- Copernicus --- ocean colour --- system vicarious calibration --- fiducial reference measurement --- Lampedusa --- MOBY --- MarONet --- radiometry --- research infrastructure --- uncertainty budget --- satellite ocean colour --- fiducial reference measurements (FRM) --- calibration and validation --- SI traceability and uncertainty --- European Space Agency (ESA) --- Committee for Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) --- fiducial reference measurements --- SI-traceability --- Mediterranean Sea --- BOUSSOLE --- MSEA --- hyper-temporal dataset --- optical radiometry --- coastal environment --- observation geometry --- remote sensing reflectance --- ocean colour radiometers --- TriOS RAMSES --- Seabird HyperSAS --- field intercomparison --- AERONET-OC --- Acqua Alta Oceanographic Tower --- remote sensing --- spectral irradiance comparison --- spectral radiance sources comparison

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Ocean satellite remote sensing plays important roles in the observations of physical, biological and biogeochemical features in inland, coastal, and global ocean waters, with high temporal and spatial resolution. The satellite-measured ocean products are used for near-real-time ocean monitoring and climate data records to understand short-/long-term variabilities in marine environments and ecosystems as well as for decision making tools to manage social, economic, and environmental benefits. Validation/evaluation including a combination of field measurements and inter-satellite comparison is an essential step in providing more accurate satellite-derived ocean products. In this Special Issue, 14 papers have been published and include research on validation/evaluation, retrieval algorithms of ocean geophysical and biogeochemical parameters, and application of the satellite ocean products in the regional and global ocean. Subjects treated include: Sea Surface Temperature; Sea Ice Surface Temperature from VIIRS thermal infrared sensor; Sea Ice Detection from Spectroradiometer; Sea Surface Winds from HY-2A Scatterometer and GNSS—Reflectometry; Wave Height from Sentinel-3A SAR; Retrievals of Sea Surface Salinity, Chlorophyll-a, Particulate Organic Carbon, Particulate Backscattering, Marine Fishery resource, and Submesoscale Eddies from multiple Ocean Colour sensors.

Research & information: general --- sea ice --- ice surface temperature --- Suomi NPP --- JPSS --- remote sensing --- leads --- MODIS --- ocean color --- algorithm --- chlorophyll --- HPLC --- fluorometry --- particulate organic carbon --- southern ocean --- ocean colour --- satellite-derived chlorophyll-a concentration --- algorithm evaluation --- Northwest Atlantic --- Northeast Pacific --- Japanese common squid --- Todarodes pacificus --- habitat suitability index (HSI) --- the Yellow Sea --- the South Sea of South Korea --- spaceborne GNSS-R --- DDM --- ocean surface wind speed --- GMF --- CYGNSS --- HY-2A --- scatterometer --- sea surface wind field --- evaluation --- satellite altimetry --- significant wave height --- SAR --- wave buoy observations --- validation --- southwest England --- coastal altimetry --- Sentinel-3A --- SRAL --- particulate optical backscattering --- Raman scattering --- QAA algorithm --- ESA OC-CCI --- steric height --- sea level variability --- interferometric altimeter validation --- high-frequency radar --- MODIS ocean color patterns --- submesoscale eddies --- sea surface salinity estimation --- Changjiang diluted water --- neural network --- GOCI application --- sea surface temperature --- global gridded dataset --- Yellow Sea --- bias correction --- chlorophyll-a --- phytoplankton --- East/Japan Sea