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Background: Comorbidities and polypharmacy are growing in HIV-positive population related to the impact of ageing. Objectives: The study aimed at determining the prevalence and risk factors for drug-drug interactions (DDI) between antiretroviral and non-antiretroviral drugs among HIV-positive out-patients attending AIDS/HIV clinical centers. The second objective was to compare detection capacity of four DDI databases. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in three AIDS/HIV clinical centers in Belgium. Pharmacists performed a structured medication history with the patient. They also collected information on consumption of herbal and illicit drugs. Additionally, data were collected from patients' medical records. Drug therapies were screened in three specific DDI databases ("Guide therapeutique VIH", "HIV-drug interactions" and "HIV clinic") and Micromedex, a non-specific database. DDI were classified as "red flag" (should not be co-administrated) and "orange flag" (may require close monitoring, alteration of drug dosage or timing of administration). Descriptive analysis and a logistic regression were conducted. Results: Among 146 patients, 63% had one or more DDI. 200 interactions were identified, 7% of them were "red flag". The main of non-antiretroviral drug classes involved in a DDI were: antihypertensive, antidepressant, vitamins, minerals and trace elements, statin and hypnosedative drugs. The following risk factors were identified: age ?:50 years (OR:3,2; 95% CI 1,6-6,7; p=0,002 ), polymedication (OR:5,0; 95% CI 1,8-14,0; p=0,002), comorbidities (OR:l,5; 95% CI 1,2-1,9; p< 0,001) and a booster in the therapy (OR:2, l ; 95% CI l,l-4,2; p=0,030)."HIV-drug interactions" identified 93% of the interactions, "Guide therapeutique VIH" 84%, "HIVclinic" 70% and "Micromedex" 45%.Conclusion: DDI seem highly prevalent among HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Screening therapies to identify DDI with specific databases like "HIV-drug interactions" appears important. Knowledge of the risk factors could help clinicians to recognize and manage DDI.

Observational Studies as Topic --- Drug Interactions --- Medication Adherence --- Drug Therapy

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WA 950 Theory or methods of medical statistics --- Research methods --- Epidemiology --- observational study

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The honey bee waggle dance communication is a complex, unique, at times controversial, and ultimately fascinating behavior. In an elaborate figure-of-eight movement, a returning forager conveys the distance and direction from the hive to resources, usually the nectar and pollen that is their food, and it remains one of the most sophisticated, known forms of non-human communication. Not surprisingly, since its discovery more than 60 years ago by Karl von Frisch, the dance has been subject to investigations that span from basic biology through human culture and neurophysiology to landscape ecology. Here we aim to collate recent advances in our understanding of the dance, including (but not limited to) potential fitness benefits, the causes and consequences of error in the dance, neurobiological differences in how bees measure distance, the use by bees of different landscapes and its impact on pollination, and methodological advances that may not only improve our mapping of bee foraging ecology, but also in the basic understanding of the dance.

Animal communication --- Honey bee --- Social insects. --- Apis mellifera --- recruitment --- foraging --- waggle dance --- social insects --- observational learning --- Honey bee --- Communication --- Honey bee. --- Waggle dance. --- Apis mellifera --- recruitment --- foraging --- waggle dance --- social insects --- observational learning --- Honey bee --- Communication

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

systematic observation --- methodological developments in systematic observation --- areas of application in systematic observation --- observational design --- advances in systematic observation

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The honey bee waggle dance communication is a complex, unique, at times controversial, and ultimately fascinating behavior. In an elaborate figure-of-eight movement, a returning forager conveys the distance and direction from the hive to resources, usually the nectar and pollen that is their food, and it remains one of the most sophisticated, known forms of non-human communication. Not surprisingly, since its discovery more than 60 years ago by Karl von Frisch, the dance has been subject to investigations that span from basic biology through human culture and neurophysiology to landscape ecology. Here we aim to collate recent advances in our understanding of the dance, including (but not limited to) potential fitness benefits, the causes and consequences of error in the dance, neurobiological differences in how bees measure distance, the use by bees of different landscapes and its impact on pollination, and methodological advances that may not only improve our mapping of bee foraging ecology, but also in the basic understanding of the dance.

Animal communication --- Honey bee --- Social insects. --- Honey bee. --- Waggle dance. --- Apis mellifera --- recruitment --- foraging --- waggle dance --- social insects --- observational learning --- Communication