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The oomycete genus Phytophthora represents one of the most notorious groups of tree pathogens in natural and semi-natural forest ecosystems. Since the discovery in the 1960s of the invasive P. cinnamomi, threatening some of the world’s richest plant communities in Australia, numerous Phytophthora diseases have been reported on forest trees worldwide, which were previously unknown to science. The most notable examples include the oak and beech declines triggered by different Phytophthora spp. in Europe and North America, the findings of sudden oak death and sudden larch death caused by P. ramorum in the Western USA and the U.K., respectively, and the association of P. austrocedri with mal del ciprés in Argentina and juniper decline in the U.K. All these epidemic events are driven by exotic invasive Phytophthora species, introduced through infested nursery plants from their native overseas environments. In recent years, many independent surveys have studied the diversity of Phytophthora species and the diseases they are causing across a diverse range of forests and other natural ecosystems. This Special Issue presents papers on Phytophthora surveys performed in different biogeographic regions and addresses the pathways, and ecological and economic impacts of these invasive forest pathogens.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Ecological science, the Biosphere --- soilborne pathogens --- pathways --- Populus --- Phytophthora plurivora --- Phytophthora pini --- pathogenicity tests --- biomass allocation --- dehesas --- drought --- montados --- oak decline --- plant traits --- root rot --- invasive species --- natural ecosystems --- streams --- vegetation type --- baiting --- ITS region --- leaf decay --- oomycetes --- aquatic fungi --- trophic specialization --- saprotroph --- pathogen --- parasite --- Phytophthora --- diversity --- wild apple forest --- decline --- forest disease monitoring --- holm oak decline --- biosecurity --- breeding systems --- hybridization --- Phytophthora cinnamomi --- biogeography --- center of origin --- GLMM --- tree mortality --- root rot. --- plantation --- open forests --- Phytophthora ×cambivora --- bark canker --- ectomycorrhiza --- cork oak

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The 22 papers that make up this Special Issue deal with pathogen and pest impact on forest health, from the diagnosis to the surveillance of causative agents, from the study of parasites’ biological, epidemiological, and ecological traits to their correct taxonomy and classification, and from disease and pest monitoring to sustainable control strategies.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Forestry & related industries --- plant destroyers --- disease diagnosis --- RxLR-dEER --- soil-borne pathogen --- exclusivity --- inclusivity --- Phlebiopsis gigantea --- EF1α --- introns --- exons --- phylogenesis --- non-host attack --- post-epidemic --- facilitation --- endemic population strategies --- leaf baiting --- rDNA ITS regions --- soil --- water --- ITS clades --- Mediterranean vegetation --- ecology --- soil inhabitants --- aquatic species --- biodiversity --- bark beetles --- symbionts --- species assemblage --- beta diversity --- forest ecosystems --- Thaumetopoea pityocampa --- seasonal flight activity --- sexual pheromone traps --- Pinus sylvestris --- forest insect pest --- population suppression --- leaf litter --- forest management --- arthropods --- Norway spruce --- Heterobasidion root rot --- primary infection --- secondary infection --- first rotation forest --- afforestation --- Asian gypsy moth --- Lymantria dispar --- invasive species --- forest pests --- natural enemies --- aggregation pheromones --- pest management --- Mediterranean pine forests --- Emerald ash borer --- Agrilus planipennis --- post-invasion conditions --- insect traps --- prism trap --- Fraxinus americana --- DNA-based diagnostics --- LAMP --- Dothistroma needle blight --- ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ species --- 16Sr group/subgroups --- PCR --- yellows diseases --- witches’ broom --- phloem discoloration --- die-back --- phytoplasma strains --- etiology --- eucalyptus little-leaf --- disease incidence --- Anoplophora chinensis --- temperature --- survival --- reproduction --- fecundity --- biocontrol --- bioinsecticide --- entomopathogen --- microbial --- ecosystem --- basidiospores --- conidia --- Heterobasidion spp. --- spore dispersal --- susceptibility --- wood discs --- Dothistroma septosporum --- Mycosphaerella pini --- loop-mediated isothermal amplification --- molecular diagnostics --- field-portable diagnostics --- Pinus nigra subsp. laricio --- forest health protection --- forest conservation --- Biscogniauxia mediterranea --- oak decline --- dieback --- Site of Community Importance (S.I.C.) --- tree competition --- warming conditions --- Diplodia tip blight --- Pinus densiflora --- plant diversity --- Sphaeropsis sapinea --- stand type --- vertical structure layer --- Heterobasidion --- carpophores --- fauna --- Tullgren funnels --- forest insects --- forest diseases --- diagnostics --- mitigation options --- citizen science --- fungi --- insects --- diagnosis --- surveillance --- disease and pest management