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Can food really take the place of medicine? While modern medicine certainly has its place and does more than its fair share of good, there is no denying that many of society's most perilous chronic diseases are exacerbated by poor diets. Whereas infectious diseases used to cause the most number of deaths, the impact of chronic diseases now far overshadows that of infectious diseases. Diet plays a significant role in the development of a number of types of chronic disease, such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. This title explores the impact of dietary choices on the prevention, management, and treatment of a number of medical conditions and disease states including cardiovascular disease, diabetes and metabolic stress, critical illness, cancer, and HIV/AIDS. Conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, musculoskeletal disorders, rheumatic disease, anemias, hepatobiliary, gallbladder, pancreatic and kidney diseases are covered in the subsequent title Diet and Disease II.

Diet therapy. --- Heart --- Diabetes --- Cancer --- AIDS (Disease) --- Nutritional Support. --- Diet Therapy. --- Heart Diseases --- Diabetes Mellitus --- Neoplasms --- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome --- Diet Modification --- Therapy, Diet --- Diet Therapy, Restrictive --- Dietary Modification --- Dietary Restriction --- Restriction Diet Therapies --- Restriction Diet Therapy --- Restrictive Diet Therapies --- Restrictive Diet Therapy --- Diet Modifications --- Diet Therapies --- Diet Therapies, Restriction --- Diet Therapy, Restriction --- Dietary Modifications --- Dietary Restrictions --- Modification, Diet --- Modification, Dietary --- Restriction, Dietary --- Therapy, Restriction Diet --- Therapy, Restrictive Diet --- Diet --- Disease --- Artificial Feeding --- Feeding, Artificial --- Support, Nutritional --- Acquired immune deficiency syndrome --- Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome --- Acquired immunological deficiency syndrome --- HIV infections --- Immunological deficiency syndromes --- Virus-induced immunosuppression --- Clinical nutrition --- Diet and disease --- Dietotherapy --- Food --- Medical nutrition therapy --- MNT (Medical nutrition therapy) --- Nutrition therapy --- Dietetics --- Therapeutics, Physiological --- Diseases --- diet therapy. --- therapeutic use --- diet therapy --- Nutritional aspects --- Treatment --- Therapeutic use --- diet and disease --- nutrition care process --- diabetes --- diabetic diet --- metabolic stress --- heart disease --- heart healthy diet

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The recent COVID-19 pandemic, which resulted from SARS CoV-2 coronavirus infection, contributed to a rapid increase in hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions. Although during the last 3 years there have been numerous research publications on patient care, data concerning the role of the dietary approach in the overall treatment of the disease are minimal. Moreover, with regard to the dietary approach during COVID-19 critical illness, practice guidelines are still based on data which were developed too quickly and were based on targeted recommendations on feeding the critically ill. Since then, new sources of data have emerged, which clearly display significant nutritional challenges. Why are we so interested in providing individualized nutritional therapy to critically ill patients with COVID-19? Bevause these patients tend to exhibit a significantly greater length of hospital stay, and a higher risk of developing muscle weakness, malnutrition and functional loss. Are there any data on best nutrition support practices? Unfortunately, there are no data from randomized clinical trials, with the exception of some micronutrient supplementation studies with immunomodulating actions. So, the key concept identified in this Special Issue was that optimizing dietary practices for patients both during their ICU stay and beyond is crucial. Clinicians should be capable of managing their patients both during their hospitalization and rehabilitation phase, in order to ensure continuous care and to minimize the susceptibility of adverse events due to malnutrition.

SARS-CoV-2 --- COVID-19 --- obesity --- ketogenic diet --- VLCKD --- inflammation --- viral infections --- respiratory failure --- nutrition care --- guidelines adherence --- length of stay --- mortality --- Indonesia --- coronavirus disease 2019 --- Vitamin D --- critical care --- intensive care patient --- vitamin A --- retinol --- retinoic acid --- ARDS --- pneumonia --- pandemic --- hyperglycemia --- parenteral nutrition --- enteral nutrition --- osteocalcin --- acute respiratory distress syndrome --- energy achievement rate --- high nutritional risk --- modified nutrition risk in the critically ill --- prolonged prone positioning --- malnutrition --- nutritional status --- intensive care unit --- immunonutrition --- histamine --- gastric residual volume --- dysphagia --- flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing --- gastric emptying --- intensive care --- neurology --- swallowing --- long COVID-19 --- muscle strength --- self-evaluation --- cohort study --- performance status --- SARS-CoV-2 virus --- energy target --- critical illness --- cardiovascular risk factors --- lockdown --- disease --- n/a

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Malnutrition lurks in the background of hospitalized medical patients. A large proportion of patients are malnourished upon hospital admission and patients often experience further nutritional deterioration during their stay and during disease recovery. However, although the negative effects of malnutrition on the outcomes of patients are well recognized, we still struggle to identify appropriate patients and efficacious nutritional interventions to overcome this problem. Recent studies have produced convincing evidence that adequate and timely nutritional management of medical in-patients can contribute to the prevention of negative consequences and thus improve the clinical outcome of patients. This Special Issue of the Journal of Clinical Medicine focuses on multiple practical aspects of nutritional management of medical in-patients, from screening for nutritional risk to the practical implementation of nutritional therapy and its possible complications, including financial aspects, to increasing clinician awareness and knowledge of nutritional care in hospitals.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Food & society --- type 1 diabetes mellitus --- bioelectrical impedance analysis --- phase angle --- children --- adolescents --- protein --- malnutrition --- critical care --- mortality --- outcomes --- hospital readmission --- ICU Survivors --- inflammation --- nutritional assessment --- biomarkers --- albumin --- prealbumin --- IGF-1 --- elderly --- prognostic marker --- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit --- enteral nutrition --- early parenteral nutrition --- critical illness --- iron --- copper --- selenium --- zinc --- thiamine --- vitamin B12 --- obesity --- glucose control --- hyperglycemia --- parenteral nutrition --- nutritional support --- insulin --- Geriatric patients --- older persons --- therapy --- interventions --- chronic critical illness --- Nutrition Risk Screening (NRS-2002) --- age --- nutrition --- vasopressors --- shock --- glucose --- diabetes --- underfeeding --- economic challenges --- nutritional management --- mid-arm muscle circumference --- dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry --- computed tomography --- fat-free mass --- appendicular skeletal muscle mass --- lean soft tissue --- skeletal muscle index --- chronic disease --- old --- anorexia nervosa --- refeeding syndrome --- weight gain --- length of stay --- nutritional risk screening --- monitoring --- micronutrient deficiency --- oral nutritional supplements --- artificial nutrition --- gastroparesis --- dumping syndrome --- pathophysiology --- clinical presentation --- treatment --- nutritional therapy --- cancer --- cachexia --- sarcopenia --- survival --- nutritional support team --- efficacy --- metabolic syndrome --- insulin resistance --- dietary pattern --- carbohydrates --- fat --- indirect calorimetry --- indirect calorimeter --- resting energy expenditure --- nutrition therapy --- medical nutrition therapy --- intensive care unit --- intermediate care unit --- critically ill patients --- nutritional counselling --- nursing --- e-counselling --- dehydration --- dysphagia --- fluid intake --- water --- cirrhosis --- ascites --- sarcopenic obesity --- vitamins --- micronutrients --- all-in-one parenteral admixture --- compatibility --- stability --- pharmaceutical expertise --- drug admixing --- drug administration --- hospital --- nutrition care --- continuity of care --- process indicators --- benchmarking --- disease related malnutrition. --- diagnosis --- management --- hypophosphatemia --- type 1 diabetes mellitus --- bioelectrical impedance analysis --- phase angle --- children --- adolescents --- protein --- malnutrition --- critical care --- mortality --- outcomes --- hospital readmission --- ICU Survivors --- inflammation --- nutritional assessment --- biomarkers --- albumin --- prealbumin --- IGF-1 --- elderly --- prognostic marker --- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit --- enteral nutrition --- early parenteral nutrition --- critical illness --- iron --- copper --- selenium --- zinc --- thiamine --- vitamin B12 --- obesity --- glucose control --- hyperglycemia --- parenteral nutrition --- nutritional support --- insulin --- Geriatric patients --- older persons --- therapy --- interventions --- chronic critical illness --- Nutrition Risk Screening (NRS-2002) --- age --- nutrition --- vasopressors --- shock --- glucose --- diabetes --- underfeeding --- economic challenges --- nutritional management --- mid-arm muscle circumference --- dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry --- computed tomography --- fat-free mass --- appendicular skeletal muscle mass --- lean soft tissue --- skeletal muscle index --- chronic disease --- old --- anorexia nervosa --- refeeding syndrome --- weight gain --- length of stay --- nutritional risk screening --- monitoring --- micronutrient deficiency --- oral nutritional supplements --- artificial nutrition --- gastroparesis --- dumping syndrome --- pathophysiology --- clinical presentation --- treatment --- nutritional therapy --- cancer --- cachexia --- sarcopenia --- survival --- nutritional support team --- efficacy --- metabolic syndrome --- insulin resistance --- dietary pattern --- carbohydrates --- fat --- indirect calorimetry --- indirect calorimeter --- resting energy expenditure --- nutrition therapy --- medical nutrition therapy --- intensive care unit --- intermediate care unit --- critically ill patients --- nutritional counselling --- nursing --- e-counselling --- dehydration --- dysphagia --- fluid intake --- water --- cirrhosis --- ascites --- sarcopenic obesity --- vitamins --- micronutrients --- all-in-one parenteral admixture --- compatibility --- stability --- pharmaceutical expertise --- drug admixing --- drug administration --- hospital --- nutrition care --- continuity of care --- process indicators --- benchmarking --- disease related malnutrition. --- diagnosis --- management --- hypophosphatemia

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Malnutrition lurks in the background of hospitalized medical patients. A large proportion of patients are malnourished upon hospital admission and patients often experience further nutritional deterioration during their stay and during disease recovery. However, although the negative effects of malnutrition on the outcomes of patients are well recognized, we still struggle to identify appropriate patients and efficacious nutritional interventions to overcome this problem. Recent studies have produced convincing evidence that adequate and timely nutritional management of medical in-patients can contribute to the prevention of negative consequences and thus improve the clinical outcome of patients. This Special Issue of the Journal of Clinical Medicine focuses on multiple practical aspects of nutritional management of medical in-patients, from screening for nutritional risk to the practical implementation of nutritional therapy and its possible complications, including financial aspects, to increasing clinician awareness and knowledge of nutritional care in hospitals.

type 1 diabetes mellitus --- bioelectrical impedance analysis --- phase angle --- children --- adolescents --- protein --- malnutrition --- critical care --- mortality --- outcomes --- hospital readmission --- ICU Survivors --- inflammation --- nutritional assessment --- biomarkers --- albumin --- prealbumin --- IGF-1 --- elderly --- prognostic marker --- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit --- enteral nutrition --- early parenteral nutrition --- critical illness --- iron --- copper --- selenium --- zinc --- thiamine --- vitamin B12 --- obesity --- glucose control --- hyperglycemia --- parenteral nutrition --- nutritional support --- insulin --- Geriatric patients --- older persons --- therapy --- interventions --- chronic critical illness --- Nutrition Risk Screening (NRS-2002) --- age --- nutrition --- vasopressors --- shock --- glucose --- diabetes --- underfeeding --- economic challenges --- nutritional management --- mid-arm muscle circumference --- dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry --- computed tomography --- fat-free mass --- appendicular skeletal muscle mass --- lean soft tissue --- skeletal muscle index --- chronic disease --- old --- anorexia nervosa --- refeeding syndrome --- weight gain --- length of stay --- nutritional risk screening --- monitoring --- micronutrient deficiency --- oral nutritional supplements --- artificial nutrition --- gastroparesis --- dumping syndrome --- pathophysiology --- clinical presentation --- treatment --- nutritional therapy --- cancer --- cachexia --- sarcopenia --- survival --- nutritional support team --- efficacy --- metabolic syndrome --- insulin resistance --- dietary pattern --- carbohydrates --- fat --- indirect calorimetry --- indirect calorimeter --- resting energy expenditure --- nutrition therapy --- medical nutrition therapy --- intensive care unit --- intermediate care unit --- critically ill patients --- nutritional counselling --- nursing --- e-counselling --- dehydration --- dysphagia --- fluid intake --- water --- cirrhosis --- ascites --- sarcopenic obesity --- vitamins --- micronutrients --- all-in-one parenteral admixture --- compatibility --- stability --- pharmaceutical expertise --- drug admixing --- drug administration --- hospital --- nutrition care --- continuity of care --- process indicators --- benchmarking --- disease related malnutrition. --- diagnosis --- management --- hypophosphatemia --- n/a