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This sharp and engaging collection of essays by leading governmental scholar Cass R. Sunstein examines shifting understandings of what's normal, and how those shifts account for the feminist movement, the civil rights movement, the rise of Adolf Hitler, the founding itself, the rise of gun rights, the response to COVID-19, and changing understandings of liberty. Prevailing norms include the principle of equal dignity, the idea of not treating the press as an enemy of the people, and the social unacceptability of open expressions of racial discrimination. But norms are very different from laws. They arise and change in response to individual and collective action. Exploring Nazism, #MeToo, the work of Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, constitutional amendments, pandemics, and the influence of Ayn Rand, Sunstein reveals how norms ultimately determine the shape of government in the United States, Europe, and elsewhere. "This book explores the power of the normal from a variety of angles. Responses to a pandemic provide especially vivid examples, but the author focuses more generally on the relationship of the normal to the trials and tribulations of democracy-its creation, its improvement, its reformation, its deterioration, its collapse. Those who seek to promote democratic goals work hard to alter the sense of what is normal. They often suggest that if certain groups are denied a right to participate in politics or to say what they like, something has gone terribly wrong. We can see them as trying to enlarge people's understanding of the normal. They might alter the very meaning of the right to participate in politics-for example, by calling for automatic voter registration, for lowering the voting age, and for allowing convicted felons to vote. Movements for self-government, old and new, proceed in this way"--
Social norms. --- Social norms --- Social norms
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Triangular norms were first used in the context of probabilistic metric spaces in order to extend the triangle inequality from classical metric spaces to this more general case. The theory of triangular norms has two roots, viz., specific functional equations and the theory of special topological semigroups. These are discussed in Part I. Part II of the book surveys several applied fields in which triangular norms play a significant part: probabilistic metric spaces, aggregation operators, many-valued logics, fuzzy logics, sets and control, and non-additive measures together with their corresponding integrals. Part I is self contained, including all proofs, and gives many graphical illustrations. The review in Part II shows the importance if triangular norms in the field concerned, providing a well-balanced picture of theory and applications.
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Toute la vie sociale est régie par des normes dont le respect est le ciment de la vie sociale. Comment l'analyse sociologique rend-elle compte de l'émergence et de la variation des normes ? Ce livre se propose d'explorer les pistes théoriques permettant de comprendre la mise en place de l'accord autour de certaines normes ainsi que les processus qui conduisent aux désaccords et à l'opposition sur celles-ci.
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The economy of Chile, with a total population of approximately 19.493.185 by 2021, is undergoing an adjustment phase after a remarkable expansion in 2021, with real gross domestic product (GDP) growth dropping to 2.4 percent in 2022 due to normalized consumption and contractionary policies. This economic adjustment is predicted to continue during the first half of 2023, as consumption is expected to fall further amid weakened household liquidity and labor market. The Chilean economy is based on the exploitation of agricultural, fishing, forest, and mining resources. Chile has made several improvements in gender parity, but violence against women remains a significant problem in the country. As the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the problem of gender-based violence, women's labor force participation rate reduced by 10 percentage points as well as several other indicators have been affected negatively.
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