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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Science: general issues --- Physiology --- Noncoding RNA --- Circulating RNA --- Intercellular communication --- Epitranscriptomics --- RNA therapeutics --- Noncoding RNA --- Circulating RNA --- Intercellular communication --- Epitranscriptomics --- RNA therapeutics

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The emerging precision medicine approach aims to tailor disease prevention and treatment to each patient on the basis of individual variability, environmental factors and lifestyle. Fundamental achievements in the last few decades have converged to offer nowadays the compelling opportunity to move towards this innovative approach: i) unprecedented improvements in disease modeling in silico, in vitro and in vivo; ii) acquisition of a wide range of biomedical information combined with the development of computational toolsets for flexible and integrative analyses of multi-assay datasets. Our deeper understanding of oncogenic mechanisms has finally begun to have a crucial impact on clinical decisions at several steps, from cancer prevention and diagnosis to therapeutic intervention. However, precision oncology still encounters several unresolved hurdles including tumour heterogeneity and recurrence as well as unexplained drug resistance and lack of effective ways to monitor response to therapeutic treatments. Notably, limitations in biomedical research regulation and governance represent additional debatable issues that need careful consideration.

computational biology --- synthetic biology --- pathology --- noncoding RNA --- aberration --- precision medicine --- in vivo preclinical platform --- oncology

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The Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an oncogenic deltaretrovirus that induces enzootic bovine leukosis. Most of the infected bovines are asymptomatic, but after a long latency period, approximately 5% of them end up developing a leukemia/lymphoma. How the virus promotes the evolution of the disease is still not fully understood. Nevertheless, recently discovered antisense RNAs (AS1-S/L and AS2) are likely to have an important role in viral propagation and malignancy. The aim of work is to assess the involvement of antisense transcription in viral infectivity, replication and B cell homeostasis. Based on a reverse genetics approach, results show that a two base pair mutation in the promoter sequence affects negatively viral antisense transcripts levels in vitro, and that viral replication, in contrast to infectivity, requires expression of antisense RNAs in vivo.

Bovine leukemia virus, Viral replication, Noncoding RNA, Antisense transcription --- Sciences du vivant > Biotechnologie

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CD4+ T lymphocytes play an essential role in host defense against bacterial, parasitic and viral infections. During infection, under the influence of intrinsic signals received through peptide-MHC/TCR interactions and extrinsic signals provided by pathogen-conditioned dendritic and other accessory cells, CD4+ T cells proliferate and differentiate into specialized T helper (Th) effectors, which produce distinct sets of cytokines tailored to combat a specific class of microbes. The concept of CD4+ T cell multi-functionality was developed after the seminal discovery of Th1 and Th2 cells nearly 30 years ago. Although the Th1/Th2 paradigm has successfully withstood the test of time, in the past decade additional Th subsets (Th17, Tfh, Th22, Th9) have been identified. Similarly, single cell analyses of cytokines and master transcriptional factors have revealed that, at the population level, CD4+ T cell responses are far more heterogeneous than initially anticipated. While some of the checkpoints in Th cell specification have been identified, recent studies of transcriptional and epigenetic regulation have uncovered a significant flexibility during the course CD4+ T lymphocyte polarization. In addition, Th cells expressing cytokines with counteracting functions, as a measure of self-regulation, display yet another level of diversity. Understanding the mechanisms that control the balance between stability vs. plasticity of Th effectors both at the time of initiation of immune response and during development of CD4 T cell memory is critical for the rational design of better vaccines and new immunotherapeutic strategies. This research topic will cover current views on Th cell development, with a focus on the mechanisms that govern differentiation, function and regulation of effector Th cells in the context of microbial infections.

Clinical Immunology --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Infection --- Dendritic Cells --- Cytokines --- Immunoregulation --- CD4 lymphocytes --- Memory --- long noncoding RNA --- Macrophages --- Metabolism --- Th1 Th2

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"The dark side of the genome represents vast domains of the genome that are not encoding for proteins--the basic bricks of cellular structure and metabolism. Up to 98% of the human genome is non-coding and produces so-called long non-coding RNA. Some of these non-coding RNA play fundamental roles in cellular identity, cell development and cancer progression. They are now widely studied in many organisms to understand their function. Here, we review this expanding field of research and present the broad functional diversities of those molecules and their putative fundamental and therapeutic roles. We develop the recent history of non-coding RNA, their very much debated classification and how they raise a formidable interest for developmental and tumorigenesis biology. Using classical examples and an extensive bibliography, we illustrate the most studied and attractive examples of these long non-coding RNA, how they interface with epigenetics, genome integrity and expression and what are the current models of their regulatory mechanisms."--Page 4 of cover.

Non-coding RNA --- fRNA --- Functional RNA --- ncRNA --- nmRNA --- Non-messenger RNA --- Non-translated RNA --- Noncoding RNA --- Nontranslated RNA --- Small non-messenger RNA --- Small RNA --- snmRNA --- sRNA --- Untranslated RNA --- RNA