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Two fixed bed reactors for nitrification with either polyethylene/clay sinter lamellas (FBR A) or porous ceramic rings (FBR B) were continously run for treating synthetic saline wastewater. Seawater from Hafen Büsum was used as an inoculums. The performance of the system was evaluated under different operating conditions. A better overall nitrification without nitrite accumulation was observed in FBR B during continuous incubation. However, in term of ammonia (AOR) and nitrite oxidation rates (NOR) that were determined in batch incubations, FBR A revealed a higher AOR and NOR of 6 and 7 mg N L-1 h-1, compared to the AOR and NOR of 5 and 5.9 mg N L-1 h-1 in FBR B, respectively. For studies of the effect of fluctuating salinity on the nitrification, polyethylene/clay sinter lamellas or porous ceramic rings from FBR A and B, respectively, were used as a source of immobilized nitrifiers. Salt concentrations were decreased from 3.5% to 0.03% via 2, 1 and 0.5% and increased from 3.5% to 5, 7 and 9%. A similar result for AOR and NOR during batch incubation was obtained for both substrata in FBR A and FBR B. The salinity changes influenced more the nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) than the ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB). Measurement of oxidation rates during changing conditions show that the NORs were always higher than the AORs in all reactors, especially in initial phase. However, NORs were more sensitive to the salinity fluctuation than AORs, especially at lower salinity. The AORs remained constant for 0.5-3.5% NaCl and dropped to 70% and 68.5% after the salt concentration was brought to 0.034 or 5%, respectively. The NORs decreased significantly to 62% and 87.5% of initial rates after the salt concentration was changed to 2 and 5%, respectively.Non-halotolerant nitrifiers reactors with fresh polyethylene/clay as supporting material were inoculated with water samples taken from a ""Brackwasser""-location at the North Sea and were continuously run. The salt content in medium was 0% at the start and was then increased up to 10.5%. Increases of the salt concentration in a non-salt-adapted FBR suppressed more to NOR than AOR. When salinity was increased from 0.03% to 0.5, 1 and 2%, AORs remained constant. The AORs were approx. 90% of initial rates after the salt concentrations were increased stepwise to 3.5%, whereas the NORs decreased to 85, 52 and 36% of initial rate after salinity was increased to 1, 2 and 3.5%, respectively.

Saline wastewater --- Free ammonia und Free nitrous acid --- Fixed bed-reactors --- Halophilic nitrification

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Nitrous acid. --- Sodium compounds. --- Sodium industry --- Sodium industry --- Sodium industry --- Dumping (International trade)

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Nitrite and Nitrate in Human Health and Disease delivers a comprehensive review of nitrite and nitrate biology, from basic biochemistry to the complex physiology and metabolism of these two naturally occurring molecules in the human body.  Well-organized and well referenced chapters cover the rich history of nitrite and nitrate, sources of exposure, and the physiological effects when consumed through foods containing nitrite and nitrate.  The chapters are written by leading experts, all of whom share their research and perspectives in order to help define the context for benefits vs. any potential risks associated with nitrite and nitrate use, either through dietary ingestion or therapeutic dosing.  This diverse collection of authors includes vascular biologists, physiologists, physicians, epidemiologists, cancer biologists, registered dieticians, chemists, and public health experts from five countries in both academia and government.  Nitrite and Nitrate in Human Health and Disease provides a balanced view of nitric oxide biochemistry, and nitrite and nitrate biochemistry in physiology and in the food sciences.

Nitrates -- toxicology. --- Nitrites -- adverse effects. --- Nitrogen compounds -- Health aspects. --- Nitrites --- Nitrates --- Nitrous Acid --- Anions --- Nitrogen Compounds --- Organic Chemicals --- Nitric Acid --- Oxides --- Gases --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Inorganic Chemicals --- Oxygen Compounds --- Ions --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Electrolytes --- Pharmacology --- Nitrogen Oxides --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Public Health --- Animal Biochemistry --- Diet & Clinical Nutrition --- Toxicology & Public Health --- Toxicology --- Nitrites. --- Nitrates. --- Toxicology. --- Chemicals --- Nitrate salts --- Medicine. --- Food --- Nutrition. --- Public health. --- Clinical nutrition. --- Medicine & Public Health. --- Clinical Nutrition. --- Public Health. --- Food Science. --- Biotechnology. --- Medicine --- Poisoning --- Poisons --- Nitric acid --- Oxysalts --- Nitrogen compounds --- Personal health and hygiene. --- Food science. --- Science --- Alimentation --- Nutrition --- Health --- Physiology --- Diet --- Dietetics --- Digestion --- Food habits --- Malnutrition --- Health aspects --- Nutrition   . --- Food—Biotechnology. --- Community health --- Health services --- Hygiene, Public --- Hygiene, Social --- Public health services --- Public hygiene --- Social hygiene --- Human services --- Biosecurity --- Health literacy --- Medicine, Preventive --- National health services --- Sanitation --- Clinical nutrition --- Diet and disease --- Dietotherapy --- Medical nutrition therapy --- MNT (Medical nutrition therapy) --- Nutrition therapy --- Therapeutics, Physiological --- Therapeutic use

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Atmospheric pressure plasma discharges have grown rapidly in importance in recent decades, due to the ease in handling and operation, plus their eco-friendly applications, for agriculture, food, medicine, materials and even the automotive and aerospace industries. In this context, the need for a collection of results based on plasma technologies is justified. Moreover, at the international level, the increased number of projects that translated to publications and patents in the multidisciplinary field of plasma-based technology gives researchers the opportunity to challenge their knowledge and contribute to a new era of green services and products that society demands. Therefore, this book, based on the Special Issue of “Frontiers in Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Technology” in the “Applied Physics” section of the journal Applied Sciences, provides results on some plasma-based methods and technologies for novel and possible future applications of plasmas in life sciences, biomedicine, agriculture, and the automotive industry.This book, entitled “Frontiers in Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Technology”, consists of 8 research articles, 2 review articles and 1 editorial. We know that we are only managing to address a small part of what plasma discharge can be used for, but we hope that the readers will enjoy this book and, therefore, be inspired with new ideas for future research in the field of plasma.

cold atmospheric pressure plasma --- antimicrobial agent --- plasma medicine --- dentistry --- atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) --- optical emission spectroscopy (OES) --- plasma-surface interactions --- local surface modification --- polymers --- functionalization --- atmospheric pressure plasma --- transdermal permeability --- transdermal delivery --- nitric oxide --- wounds --- biofilm --- plasma jet --- DBD plasma --- plasma jets --- plasma properties --- reactive species --- RONS --- non-thermal plasma --- transient spark --- electrospray --- plasma-activated water --- nitrous acid --- nitrites --- atmospheric pressure plasma jet --- plasma-wine making --- plasma treatment --- UV-Vis spectroscopy --- ATR-FTIR spectroscopy --- bio-medicine application --- cold gas-discharge plasma --- digital holography --- digital holographic interferometry --- plasma diagnostics --- CAP --- electric diagnosis --- E-field measurements --- vacuum-ultraviolet spectroscopy --- patient leakage current --- power measurement --- voltage-charge plot --- OES --- bio-medical plasma applications --- surface-wave-sustained discharge --- microwave discharge --- cold atmospheric plasma --- microwave plasma torch --- n/a