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This Special Issue is dedicated to neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs), a category of malignancy that demonstrates wide clinical heterogeneity, posing major challenges in diagnosis and management. There have been significant advances in the field of NEN genomics, pathology, imaging, and treatment over the past five years. NENs are examples of rare tumours (although their incidence and prevalence are increasing) where international collaborative efforts have allowed the generation of high-level evidence to guide optimal patient-centred care. This issue presents both reviews and original papers to provide comprehensive state-of-the-art understanding of this fascinating disease.

small bowel neuroendocrine tumours --- pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours --- liver metastases --- midgut --- meta-analysis --- neuroendocrine tumors --- carcinoid heart disease --- carcinoid syndrome --- somatostatin analogues --- metastases --- multidisciplinary --- management --- outcome --- grading --- staging --- neuroendocrine neoplasms --- chemotherapy --- temozolomide --- metronomic treatment --- second-line --- NOTCH --- cancer-driven genes --- mutational mechanism --- germline mutations --- small cell lung carcinoma --- pancreatic NET --- small bowel NET --- medullary thyroid carcinoma --- malignant castration-resistant prostatic cells --- quality performance indicators --- QPIs --- cancer care --- neuroendocrine tumour --- NETs --- modified Delphi --- CommNETs --- pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms --- neuroendocrine tumor --- long-term functional outcomes --- pancreatectomy --- diabetes mellitus --- pancreatic exocrine insufficiency --- body mass index --- parenchyma-sparing surgery --- neuroendocrine tumours --- curative surgery --- resection --- follow-up --- guidelines --- relapse --- recurrence --- risk factor --- mixed non-neuroendocrine neuroendocrine neoplasms --- MiNENs --- mixed adeno-neuroendocrine carcinoma --- MANEC --- 2017 WHO classification --- 2019 WHO classification

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The cooperation of highly specialized cell types maintains the homeostasis of multicellular organisms. The disturbance of that harmony contributes to the development of several diseases. Most of the cellular functions are executed by proteins, so it is essential to investigate biological processes at the protein level. Antibodies, complex biomolecules with high specificity, are used to recognize our protein of interest in a process known as “immunophenotyping”. One of the routinely used methods to study cellular proteins is flow cytometry, which detects cell surface or intracellular proteins at single-cell resolution. The other most frequent technique is the traditional immunohistochemical investigation of microscopic sections of human tissues. We called authors to publish their latest data studying cancer or autoimmune diseases by immunophenotyping.

Medicine --- CD8+CD28− T cells --- cancer immunology --- glioblastoma --- immunotherapy --- malignant glioma --- cancer --- accidental cell death --- oncosis --- DDR --- parthanatos --- flow cytometry --- systemic lupus erythematosus --- T cells --- glycosylation --- sialylation --- lectin binding --- glycosylation enzymes --- galectin 1 --- choriocarcinoma --- hydatidiform mole --- galectin --- gestational trophoblastic disease --- placental-specific gene --- systems biology --- trophoblast differentiation --- B cells --- non-switched B cells --- systemic sclerosis --- dcSSc --- TLR --- CD180 --- RP105 --- CpG --- IL-6 --- IL-10 --- natural autoantibodies --- IgM --- citrate synthase --- DNA topoisomerase I --- unfolded protein response --- Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) --- PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) --- Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) --- Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) --- immune cells --- T cell --- macrophage --- tumor microenvironment --- single cell mass cytometry --- metastatic breast cancer --- myeloid-derived suppressor cells --- immunophenotyping --- breast cancer --- trastuzumab --- chimeric antigen receptor --- cell therapy --- neuroendocrine neoplasia --- neuroendocrine tumor --- neuroendocrine carcinoma --- immunohistochemistry --- syntaxin 1 --- CD8+CD28− T cells --- cancer immunology --- glioblastoma --- immunotherapy --- malignant glioma --- cancer --- accidental cell death --- oncosis --- DDR --- parthanatos --- flow cytometry --- systemic lupus erythematosus --- T cells --- glycosylation --- sialylation --- lectin binding --- glycosylation enzymes --- galectin 1 --- choriocarcinoma --- hydatidiform mole --- galectin --- gestational trophoblastic disease --- placental-specific gene --- systems biology --- trophoblast differentiation --- B cells --- non-switched B cells --- systemic sclerosis --- dcSSc --- TLR --- CD180 --- RP105 --- CpG --- IL-6 --- IL-10 --- natural autoantibodies --- IgM --- citrate synthase --- DNA topoisomerase I --- unfolded protein response --- Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) --- PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) --- Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) --- Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) --- immune cells --- T cell --- macrophage --- tumor microenvironment --- single cell mass cytometry --- metastatic breast cancer --- myeloid-derived suppressor cells --- immunophenotyping --- breast cancer --- trastuzumab --- chimeric antigen receptor --- cell therapy --- neuroendocrine neoplasia --- neuroendocrine tumor --- neuroendocrine carcinoma --- immunohistochemistry --- syntaxin 1