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Behavior. --- Exploratory behavior. --- Investigatory behavior. --- Neural systems.
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Written by one of the pioneers in visual perception, Seeing provides an overview of the basics of sight, from the anatomy of the eye, to optical illusions, to the way neural systems process visual signs. To help readers better appreciate the most-used of our five senses, Tom Cornsweet describes the early physical and physiological processes that occur in human vision in relation to the forces of evolution. He also includes answers to common questions about vision-including those that many of us ask during a visit to an eye doctor-to illustrate how the study of vision can provide a better understanding of one's everyday relationship with sight.
Visual perception. --- absorption spectrum. --- amount of light. --- anatomy. --- angle. --- bleaching. --- cognition. --- evolution. --- eye. --- five senses. --- healthcare. --- human vision. --- medical. --- medicine. --- neural systems. --- neurobiology. --- neuropsychology. --- neuroscience. --- nonfiction. --- ophthalmology. --- optical illusions. --- optometrist. --- photography. --- psychology. --- science. --- seeing. --- sensory experience. --- sight. --- vision. --- visual perception. --- visual signs.
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The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a pivotal role in regulating our emotions. The importance of ventromedial regions in emotion regulation, including the ventral sector of the medial PFC, the medial sector of the orbital cortex and subgenual cingulate cortex, have been recognized for a long time. However, it is increasingly apparent that lateral and dorsal regions of the PFC, as well as neighbouring dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, also play a role. Defining the underlying psychological mechanisms by which these functionally distinct regions modulate emotions and the nature and extent of their interactions is a critical step towards better stratification of the symptoms of mood and anxiety disorders. It is also important to extend our understanding of these prefrontal circuits in development. Specifically, it is important to determine whether they exhibit differential sensitivity to perturbations by known risk factors such as stress and inflammation at distinct developmental epochs. This Special Issue brings together the most recent research in humans and other animals that addresses these important issues, and in doing so, highlights the value of the translational approach.
norepinephrine --- medial prefrontal cortex --- fear extinction --- emotion regulation --- emotion processing --- connectivity --- anticipatory arousal --- Pavlovian --- triadic neural systems model --- prelimbic --- development --- positive and negative --- rat --- Williams Syndrome --- psychological treatment --- glia density --- anxiety --- fMRI --- area 25 --- anhedonia --- adolescence --- adolescent --- autonomic --- amygdala --- neuron density --- neural --- prefrontal cortex --- reliability --- functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) --- networks --- cAMP --- cognitive control --- extinction --- infralimbic --- NMDA --- reward --- calcium --- stress adolescence --- BDNF --- machine learning --- negative affect --- hierarchical control --- emotion --- occasion setting --- serotonin transporter --- ventromedial prefrontal cortex --- psychophysiology --- depression --- aging --- dopamine --- age
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Maternal care in the rat influences the development of cognitive function in the offspring through neural systems known to mediate activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. The offspring of mothers that exhibit increased levels of pup licking/grooming (high-LG mothers) show increased hippocampal N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subunit mRNA expression, enhanced synaptogenesis and improved hippocampal-dependent spatial learning in comparison with animals reared by low-LG mothers. The effects of reduced maternal care on cognitive function are reversed with peripubertal environmental enrichment; however, the neural mechanisms mediating this effect are not known. In these studies we exposed the offspring of high- and low-LG mothers to environmental enrichment from days 22 to 70 of life, and measured the expression of genes encoding for glutamate receptor subunits and synaptophysin expression as a measure of synaptic density. Environmental enrichment reversed the effects of maternal care on synaptic density and this effect was, in turn, associated with a reversal of the effect of maternal care on the NR2A and NR2B subunits of the NMDA receptor, as well as effects on (RS)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunits. Finally, direct infusion of an NR2B-specific NMIDA receptor antagonist into the hippocampus eliminated the effects of maternal care on spatial learning/memory in the Morris water maze. These findings suggest that: (1) the effects of maternal care are mediated by changes in NR2B gene expression; and (2) that environmental enrichment reverses the effects of reduced maternal care through the same genomic target, the NR2B gene, and possibly effects on other subunits of the NMIDA and AMPA receptors
Aged rats. --- Ampa receptors. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Care. --- Cognitive function. --- Density. --- Dentate gyrus. --- Development. --- Enrichment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Expression. --- Function. --- Gene-expression. --- Gene. --- Genes. --- Glutamate receptors. --- Glutamate. --- Hippocampal. --- Hippocampus. --- Immediate-early gene. --- Learning. --- Level. --- Life. --- Long-term potentiation. --- Maternal care. --- Maternal-care. --- Maternal. --- Mechanisms. --- Memory consolidation. --- Messenger-rna. --- Morris water maze. --- Mother. --- Mothers. --- Neural systems. --- Nmda receptor. --- Plasticity. --- Rat hippocampus. --- Rat. --- Receptor antagonist. --- Receptor. --- Receptors. --- Spatial learning. --- Spatial memory. --- Spatial. --- Synaptic plasticity. --- System. --- Systems. --- Time. --- Water maze.
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Human anatomy --- Human physiology --- Brain Mapping --- Brain mapping --- Cartographie cérébrale --- Periodicals. --- Périodiques --- Brain mapping. --- Engineering --- Health Sciences --- Information Technology --- Biomedical Engineering --- Clinical Medicine --- Diagnostics --- Medical Informatics --- Neurology --- Radiology --- Healthcare Database & Medical Informatics --- positron emission tomography --- magnetic resonance imaging --- single-photon emission tomography --- non-invasive brain imaging --- neural systems modelling --- neuroanatomy --- Brain Electrical Activity Mapping --- Functional Cerebral Localization --- Topographic Brain Mapping --- Brain Mapping, Topographic --- Functional Cerebral Localizations --- Mapping, Brain --- Mapping, Topographic Brain --- Stereotaxic Techniques --- Connectome mapping --- Mapping of the brain --- Topographic brain mapping --- Brain --- Localization of functions --- Brain Mapping.
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Neuropathology --- Neurosciences --- Neurobiology --- Nervous System Diseases --- Neurology --- Nervous system --- Neurologie --- Neurobiologie --- Système nerveux --- periodicals. --- physiopathology --- Periodicals. --- Diseases --- Périodiques --- Maladies --- Neurobiology. --- Neurosciences. --- Neurology. --- physiopathology. --- Diseases. --- Neuroscience --- Neurobiology, Cellular --- Neurobiology, Molecular --- Cellular Neurobiology --- Molecular Neurobiology --- Health Sciences --- Life Sciences --- Social Sciences --- Clinical Medicine --- General and Others --- Cytology, Cell Biology --- Genetics --- Micro and Molecular Biology --- Behavioral Science (Psychology) and Counselling --- Système nerveux --- Périodiques --- EJMEDEC ELSEVIER-E EPUB-ALPHA-N EPUB-PER-FT MDNEUROL --- Periodicals --- Neurology [Experimental ] --- Neuropathologie --- neuroscience --- neural systems --- neurological diseases --- psychiatric disorders --- neurogenetics --- neurobiology --- Medicine --- Neuropsychiatry --- Medical neurology --- Nerves --- Neurologic disorders --- Neurological disorders --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Medical sciences
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