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The air pollution problem inevitably accompanies our human activities. Severe air pollution situations have been reported, especially in emerging countries, and satisfying the air quality standards fully remains an underlying issue. Today, modeling research is one of the more valuable approaches to understanding the behavior of air pollutants, and is useful for regulation-, policy- and decision-making. Such modeling applications range, with regard to horizontal grid resolution, from a few km (local) to hundreds of km (regional), to thousands of km (global). To foster our current scientific knowledge on modeling potentialities and limitations, scientific research related to multi-scale air pollution modeling is collected in this book.

Urban pollution --- Street canyon --- Nitrate aerosol --- CFD --- Air quality --- open burning --- biomass burning --- sugarcane crops --- environmental assessment --- air quality modeling --- chemical reaction model --- urban canyon --- radiation --- mesoscale models --- reactive pollutants --- Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) --- East Asia --- Tokyo --- SO42– --- stabilized Criegee intermediates (SCI) --- wildfire plume rise --- smoke modeling --- large eddy simulation --- emissions dispersion --- WRF-SFIRE --- RxCADRE --- RePLaT-Chaos --- large-scale atmospheric advection --- chaotic advection --- stretching rate --- escape rate --- education --- CMAQ --- PM10 --- atmospheric reanalysis --- PM2.5 --- PM2.5 components --- three-dimensional chemical transport model --- model inter-comparison --- urban scale --- secondary particles --- WRF-Chem --- visibility --- eastern China --- neural network algorithm --- IMPROVE --- n/a --- SO42 --- -stabilized Criegee intermediates (SCI)

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The editors of this Special Issue titled “Intelligent Control in Energy Systems” have attempted to create a book containing original technical articles addressing various elements of intelligent control in energy systems. In response to our call for papers, we received 60 submissions. Of those submissions, 27 were published and 33 were rejected. In this book, we offer the 27 accepted technical articles as well as one editorial. Authors from 15 countries (China, Netherlands, Spain, Tunisia, United Sates of America, Korea, Brazil, Egypt, Denmark, Indonesia, Oman, Canada, Algeria, Mexico, and the Czech Republic) elaborate on several aspects of intelligent control in energy systems. The book covers a broad range of topics including fuzzy PID in automotive fuel cell and MPPT tracking, neural networks for fuel cell control and dynamic optimization of energy management, adaptive control on power systems, hierarchical Petri Nets in microgrid management, model predictive control for electric vehicle battery and frequency regulation in HVAC systems, deep learning for power consumption forecasting, decision trees for wind systems, risk analysis for demand side management, finite state automata for HVAC control, robust ?-synthesis for microgrids, and neuro-fuzzy systems in energy storage.

energy management system --- artificial neural network --- control architecture --- intelligent buildings --- sensitivity analysis --- neural networks --- active balance --- photovoltaic system --- fast frequency response --- artificial intelligence --- MPPT operation --- model uncertainty --- load frequency control --- decision tree --- multi-agent control --- hybrid power plant --- Fault Ride Through Capability --- optimization --- small scale compressed air energy storage (SS-CAES) --- smart micro-grid --- current distortion --- hybrid electric vehicle --- parameter estimation --- railway --- ANFIS --- solar monitoring system --- urban microgrids --- phase-load balancing --- model reduction --- high-speed railway --- energy internet --- coordination of reserves --- differential evolution --- photovoltaic array --- ancillary service --- adjacent areas --- instantaneous optimization minimum power loss --- model predictive control --- HVAC systems --- sliding mode control --- MPPT: maximum power point tracking --- power oscillations --- thyristor --- interaction minimization --- occupancy model --- fuzzy logic controller --- power transformer winding --- RLS --- integrated energy systems --- vibration characteristics --- battery safety --- error estimation --- error compensation --- static friction --- convolutional neural network --- forecasting --- continuous voltage control --- medium voltage --- bridgeless SEPIC PFC converter --- building climate control --- PEM fuel cell --- proton exchange membrane fuel cell --- compound structured permanent-magnet motor --- occupancy-based control --- four phases interleaved boost converter --- long short term memory --- line switching --- lithium-ion battery pack --- back propagation (BP) neural network --- doubly-fed induction generator --- double forgetting factors --- current controller design --- repetitive controller --- exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve system --- neural network controller --- step-up boost converter --- internal short circuit resistance --- electric power consumption --- electric vehicle --- multiphysical field analysis --- energy efficiency --- multi-energy complementary --- system identification --- ?-synthesis --- network sensitivity --- intelligent control --- ?-class function --- frequency support --- multi-step forecasting --- frequency containment reserve --- orthogonal least square --- rule-based control --- industrial process --- hierarchical Petri nets --- wind integrated power system --- probabilistic power flow --- voltage controlling --- adaptive backstepping --- AC-DC converters --- line loss --- demand side management --- energy systems --- short-circuit experiment --- winding-fault characteristics --- neutral section --- stochastic power system operating point drift --- neural network algorithm --- operation limit violations --- fractional order fuzzy PID controller --- preventive control --- AC static switch --- battery packs --- model-based fault detection --- automotive application --- nonlinear power systems --- adaptive damping control --- pilot point --- energy management --- position control --- frequency control dead band --- fuzzy --- voltage violations --- distribution network planning --- frequency regulation --- energy management strategy --- multiple-point control --- electric meter --- polynomial expansion --- commercial/residential buildings --- system modelling --- three-stage --- soft internal short circuit --- demand response

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Additive manufacturing (AM) is one of the manufacturing processes that warrants the attention of industrialists, researchers and scientists, because of its ability to produce materials with a complex shape without theoretical restrictions and with added functionalities. There are several advantages to employing additive manufacturing as the primary additive manufacturing process. However, there exist several challenges that need to be addressed systematically. A couple such issues are alloy design and process development. Traditionally alloys designed for conventional cast/powder metallurgical processes were fabricated using advanced AM processes. This is the wrong approach considering that the alloys should be coined based on the process characteristics and meta-stable nature of the process. Hence, we must focus on alloy design and development for AM that suits the AM processes. The AM processes, however, improve almost every day, either in terms of processing capabilities or processing conditions. Hence, the processing part warrants a section that is devoted to these advancements and innovations. Accordingly, the present Special Issue (book) focuses on two aspects of alloy development and process innovations. Here, 45 articles are presented covering different AM processes including selective laser melting, electron beam melting, laser cladding, direct metal laser sintering, ultrasonic consolidation, wire arc additive manufacturing, and hybrid manufacturing. I believe that this Special Issue bears is vital to the field of AM and will be a valuable addition.

microstructure --- slag --- crystallographic texture --- epoxy solder --- additive manufacturing --- substrate preheating --- thermosetting epoxy resin --- AlSi10Mg alloy --- impact --- residual stress --- stability lobe diagram --- laves phase --- vanadium --- selective laser melting (SLM) --- molten pool dynamic behavior --- scanning strategy --- pulse frequency --- thin-walled weak rigidity parts --- scanning --- aluminum --- elastic abrasive --- 2219 aluminum alloy --- Powder bed --- ABS --- laser energy density --- equivalent processing model --- composition --- numerical analysis --- scanning electron microscopy (SEM) --- Hastelloy X alloy --- regular mixing --- texture evolution --- graphene nano-sheets (GNSs) --- Electron Beam Melting --- powder bed fusion --- microstructural evolution --- Mg content --- cement --- bulk metallic glasses --- grain refinement --- Taguchi --- intermediate thermo-mechanical treatment --- valorization --- microstructure and properties --- arc current --- high computational efficiency --- powder properties --- dynamic characteristics --- composite materials --- CuAl2 phase --- rapid solidification --- magnetizer --- M300 mold steel --- circular economy --- titanium alloy --- Al–5Si alloy --- Al–Mg–Si alloy --- ultrasonic bonding --- water absorption --- disc brake --- support strategy --- inoculation --- arc additive manufacture --- 3D metal printing --- ultrafast laser --- Hot Isostatic Pressure --- arc additive manufacturing --- continuous carbon fiber --- performance characteristics --- process-damping --- intermetallic compound (IMC) --- interfaces --- direct metal laser sintering --- porosity --- nickel-based superalloy --- element segregation --- hydrophobicity --- H13 tool steel --- Cu50Zr43Al7 --- metal powders --- parameter optimization --- side spatters --- powder packing --- 3D printing --- precipitates --- n/a --- simulation --- laser cladding deposition --- melt pool size --- quenching rate --- Al–Mg alloy --- tailored properties --- workpiece scale --- fatigue --- laser cladding --- Ti-6Al-4V --- deformation --- quality of the as-built parts --- model --- milling --- wire feeding additive manufacturing --- martensitic transformation --- ball milling --- Inconel 718 --- ablation --- in-process temperature in MPBAM --- subgranular dendrites --- porosity reduction --- femtosecond --- paint bake-hardening --- Al6061 --- defects --- continuous dynamic recrystallization --- wear --- Additive manufacturing --- volumetric heat source --- Ti6Al4V alloy --- AlSi10Mg --- radial grooves --- GH4169 --- temperature and stress fields --- laser powder bed fusion --- metallic glasses --- numerical simulation --- latent heat --- divisional scanning --- wire lateral feeding --- laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) --- heat treatment --- thermal behaviour --- fused filament fabrication --- microstructures --- thermal conductivity --- 12CrNi2 alloy steel powder --- tensile strength --- hot stamping steel blanks --- multi-laser manufacturing --- aluminum alloys --- additive surface structuring --- parts design --- process parameters --- thermal stress analysis --- SLM process parameters --- nickel alloys --- Al–Si --- powder flowability --- laser power absorption --- refractory high-entropy alloy --- localized inductive heating --- mechanical properties --- selective laser melting --- storage energy --- concrete --- mechanical property --- gray cast iron --- constitutive model --- analytical modeling --- hot deformation --- epitaxial growth --- design --- flowability --- amorphous alloy --- PSO-BP neural network algorithm --- molten pool evolution --- microhardness measurement --- macro defects --- thermal capillary effects --- finite element analysis --- dynamic properties --- WxNbMoTa --- properties --- Al-5Si alloy --- Al-Mg-Si alloy --- Al-Mg alloy --- Al-Si