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Understanding the differences in carbon and nitrogen distribution and cycling both spatially and temporally using various approaches is essential in forest ecosystems. In addition, the influence of biotic and abiotic factors as well as natural and artificial disturbances on carbon and nitrogen cycling need to first be understood before drawing their implications to forest management practices. This Special Issue aims to understand carbon and nitrogen distribution and cycling in forest ecosystems for ecosystem-based forest management under different natural and artificial disturbances.

carbon --- decomposition --- disturbance --- ecosystem process --- extracellular enzymes --- exoenzymes --- forest fire --- nitrogen --- soil enzymes --- succession --- net primary production --- spatiotemporal patterns --- climate change --- phenology --- China --- protected forest --- carbon sequestration --- Abies religiosa --- soil organic carbon --- dissolved organic matter --- nitrogen addition --- Phyllostachys edulis --- carbon cycling --- Pinus resinosa --- soil respiration --- stand age --- carbon mass --- NPP --- Picea crassifolia --- carbon balance --- Qinling Mountains --- biomass regression model --- eddy covariance --- net primary productivity --- net ecosystem exchange --- hyphal exploration strategy --- atmospheric nitrogen deposition --- Russula --- deep soil --- forest floor --- forest management --- fertilization --- thinning --- fixed depth --- equivalent soil mass --- soil nitrogen mineralization --- plant-soil interactions --- resin core method --- forest conversion --- headwater catchment

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Afforestation/reforestation (or forestation) has been implemented worldwide as an effective measure towards sustainable ecosystem services and addresses global environmental problems such as climate change. The conversion of grasslands, croplands, shrublands, or bare lands to forests can dramatically alter forest water, energy, and carbon cycles and, thus, ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration, soil erosion control, and water quality improvement). Large-scale afforestation/reforestation is typically driven by policies and, in turn, can also have substantial socioeconomic impacts. To enable success, forestation endeavors require novel approaches that involve a series of complex processes and interdisciplinary sciences. For example, exotic or fast-growing tree species are often used to improve soil conditions of degraded lands or maximize productivity, and it often takes a long time to understand and quantify the consequences of such practices at watershed or regional scales. Maintaining the sustainability of man-made forests is becoming increasingly challenging under a changing environment and disturbance regime changes such as wildland fires, urbanization, drought, air pollution, climate change, and socioeconomic change. Therefore, this Special Issue focuses on case studies of the drivers, dynamics, and impacts of afforestation/reforestation at regional, national, or global scales. These new studies provide an update on the scientific advances related to forestation. This information is urgently needed by land managers and policy makers to better manage forest resources in today’s rapidly changing environments.

simulation modeling --- shear strength --- stand structure --- vegetation restoration --- surface runoff --- soil and water conservation function --- soil enzymes --- riverbank --- evapotranspiration --- human activity --- afforestation --- Artemisia ordosica --- forest cover --- precipitation variation --- soil bioengineering --- base flow --- Poyang Lake Basin --- in situ calibration --- quantification --- chlorophyll fluorescence --- photoprotection --- remote sensing --- root distribution --- ecosystem model --- CASA --- afforestation ecosystem --- phenophase --- vegetation cover change --- soil characteristics --- Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. mixed plantations --- composted pine bark --- water-energy balance --- sediment load --- soil respiration --- energy partitioning --- soil microbial biomass --- transpiration --- net primary productivity --- spatio-temporal scales --- seedling quality --- peat moss --- fresh pine sawdust --- understory plants --- ring-porous trees --- different climatic conditions --- dye tests --- structural equation model --- Loess Plateau --- evapotranspiration (ET) --- Pinus engelmannii Carr. --- empirical statistics --- heat dissipation probes --- MODIS --- slope change ratio of cumulative quantities (SCRCQ) --- soil water balance --- LAI --- climate fluctuation --- BTOPMC model --- living brush mattress --- vegetation greening --- streamflow

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Rising temperatures are affecting organisms in all of Earth's biomes, but the complexity of ecological responses to climate change has hampered the development of a conceptually unified treatment of them. In a remarkably comprehensive synthesis, this book presents past, ongoing, and future ecological responses to climate change in the context of two simplifying hypotheses, facilitation and interference, arguing that biotic interactions may be the primary driver of ecological responses to climate change across all levels of biological organization. Eric Post's synthesis and analyses of ecological consequences of climate change extend from the Late Pleistocene to the present, and through the next century of projected warming. His investigation is grounded in classic themes of enduring interest in ecology, but developed around novel conceptual and mathematical models of observed and predicted dynamics. Using stability theory as a recurring theme, Post argues that the magnitude of climatic variability may be just as important as the magnitude and direction of change in determining whether populations, communities, and species persist. He urges a more refined consideration of species interactions, emphasizing important distinctions between lateral and vertical interactions and their disparate roles in shaping responses of populations, communities, and ecosystems to climate change.

Climatic changes. --- Bioclimatology. --- Bioclimatics --- Biometeorology --- Climatology --- Ecology --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Environmental aspects --- Environmental aspects. --- Bioclimatology --- Global environmental change --- Industrial Revolution. --- Late Pleistocene. --- PleistoceneЈolocene transition. --- abiotic changes. --- abiotic compartments. --- abiotic conditions. --- amphibian breeding. --- biodiversity. --- biome shifts. --- biotic compartments. --- biotic interaction. --- character displacement. --- climate change ecology. --- climate change. --- climatic fluctuation. --- climatic variability. --- coexistence. --- community composition. --- community dynamics. --- community stability. --- competitive interactions. --- density-dependent processes. --- density-independent processes. --- diminishing land ice. --- diminishing sea ice. --- ecological dynamics. --- ecological theory. --- ecology. --- ecosystem carbon dynamics. --- ecosystem components. --- ecosystem dynamics. --- ecosystem function. --- ecosystem respiration. --- ecosystem stability. --- ecosystems. --- egg laying. --- emigration. --- environmental disturbance. --- environmental variability. --- environmental variation. --- extinction. --- facilitation. --- flowering. --- habitat utilization patterns. --- immigration. --- interference. --- life history. --- mass extinctions. --- migration. --- net ecosystem production. --- net primary productivity. --- niche concept. --- niche overlap. --- niche packing. --- niche theory. --- phenological dynamics. --- phenological events. --- phenology. --- plant emergence. --- population dynamics. --- population stability. --- quantitative ecology. --- rapid climate change. --- rapid warming. --- rising temperature. --- speciation. --- species assemblages. --- species distributions. --- species diversity. --- species losses. --- stability theory. --- stochastic environments. --- temperature variability.