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Emerging from the protective environment of the uterus, the newborn is exposed to a myriad of microbes, and quickly establishes a complex microbiome that shapes the infant’s biology in ways that are only now beginning to come to light. Among these exposures are a number of potential pathogens. The host responses to these pathogens in the neonatal period are unique, reflecting a developing immune system even with delivery at term. Preterm infants are delivered at a time when host defense mechanisms are even less developed and therefore face additional risk. As such, the organisms that cause disease in this period are different from the pathogens that are common in other age groups, or the disease they cause manifests in more severe fashion. Developmental alterations in both innate and adaptive immune responses in neonates have been documented among many cell types and pathways over the last several decades. Contemporary insights into the human immune system and methodologies that allow an “omics” approach to these questions have continued to provide new information regarding the mechanisms that underlie the human neonate as an “immunocompromised host.” This Research Topic highlights studies related to this unique host-pathogen interface. Contributions include those related to the innate or adaptive immune system of neonates, their response to microbial colonization or infection, and/or the pathogenesis of microbes causing disease in neonates.

Infection --- Neonate --- Candida --- Sepsis --- Necrotizing enterocolitis --- Vaccine --- Immunity --- Microbiome

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Emerging from the protective environment of the uterus, the newborn is exposed to a myriad of microbes, and quickly establishes a complex microbiome that shapes the infant’s biology in ways that are only now beginning to come to light. Among these exposures are a number of potential pathogens. The host responses to these pathogens in the neonatal period are unique, reflecting a developing immune system even with delivery at term. Preterm infants are delivered at a time when host defense mechanisms are even less developed and therefore face additional risk. As such, the organisms that cause disease in this period are different from the pathogens that are common in other age groups, or the disease they cause manifests in more severe fashion. Developmental alterations in both innate and adaptive immune responses in neonates have been documented among many cell types and pathways over the last several decades. Contemporary insights into the human immune system and methodologies that allow an “omics” approach to these questions have continued to provide new information regarding the mechanisms that underlie the human neonate as an “immunocompromised host.” This Research Topic highlights studies related to this unique host-pathogen interface. Contributions include those related to the innate or adaptive immune system of neonates, their response to microbial colonization or infection, and/or the pathogenesis of microbes causing disease in neonates.

Infection --- Neonate --- Candida --- Sepsis --- Necrotizing enterocolitis --- Vaccine --- Immunity --- Microbiome

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This volume provides a comprehensive summary of pancreatitis and its complications, with expert recommendations on prediction and management. The text thoughtfully summarizes the current prediction models for severe acute pancreatitis, including laboratory, clinical and imaging parameters, and highlights the relative advantages and disadvantages of several of these models. Evidenced-based guidelines into medical and surgical management of both the hospitalized and discharged patient are described, with recommendations from expert authors pertaining to various clinical situations. The volume also discusses complications of acute pancreatitis and their management, including the use of cutting-edge minimally-invasive therapies. Prediction and Management of Severe Acute Pancreatitis serves as the fundamental source for those interested in and treating this disease, including practicing gastroenterologists, surgeons, radiologists, intensivists, hospitalists and pathologists.

Medicine & Public Health. --- Gastroenterology. --- General Surgery. --- Interventional Radiology. --- Medicine. --- Interventional radiology. --- Surgery. --- Médecine --- Radiologie interventionnelle --- Gastroentérologie --- Chirurgie --- Pancreatitis --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Pancreatic Diseases --- Digestive System Diseases --- Diseases --- Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing --- Diagnosis --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Gastroenterology --- Pancreatitis. --- Pancreas --- Inflammation --- Radiology, Interventional --- Medical radiology --- Therapeutics --- Surgery, Primitive --- Internal medicine --- Digestive organs --- Gastroenterology . --- Interventional radiology .

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Cancer has been a patient-specific and difficult-to-treat disease for decades, resulting in more deaths since 1900 than all other diseases except cardiovascular diseases. As societies around the world continue to shift towards an aging population, the social and economic burden created by cancer will only rise in the coming decades, necessitating continued improvement in our cancer therapies. Remarkably, in the late 1800s, bone surgeon William Coley serendipitously discovered that bacteria could be administered to patients as an effective (and sometimes toxic) form of cancer therapy known as "Coley's Toxins". His discoveries unknowingly led to two fields of cancer therapy that have been in development for decades and are now leading to significant improvements in therapy for cancer patients: immune-based and toxin-based therapies for cancer. Articles included here discuss the discoveries that emerged from Coley's Toxins that enable us to harness the immune system and microbial toxins to combat cancers, as oncology shifts from a field dominated by chemotherapy for most of the 20th century to biologic therapies that will dominate the 21st century.

Medicine --- immunotoxin --- ribotoxin --- α-sarcin --- RNase T1 --- furin --- intracellular trafficking --- colorectal cancer --- botulinum toxin --- botulinum neurotoxin --- cancer --- cancer cells --- neuropathic pain --- post-surgical pain --- parotid gland --- submaxillary gland --- gustatory hyperhidrosis --- sialocele --- parotid fistula --- immunotherapy --- vaccine --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- adoptive cell therapy --- cytokine therapy --- Coley’s Toxins --- glioblastoma --- drug discovery --- cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 --- protein purification --- recombinant protein production --- shiga toxins --- Gb3/CD77 --- apoptosis --- ER stress --- autophagy --- Burkitt lymphoma --- n/a --- Coley's Toxins

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Human medicine --- Kinderverlamming --- Syndroom (ziektebeeld) --- Chronische pijn --- Diagnose --- Postpoliomyelitis syndrome --- Poliomyelitis --- Muscular Disorders, Atrophic --- Neurodegenerative Diseases --- Nervous System Diseases --- Myelitis --- Central Nervous System Viral Diseases --- Spinal Cord Diseases --- Muscular Diseases --- Neuromuscular Diseases --- Enterovirus Infections --- Central Nervous System Infections --- Diseases --- Central Nervous System Diseases --- Musculoskeletal Diseases --- Picornaviridae Infections --- Virus Diseases --- RNA Virus Infections --- Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Infectious Diseases --- Spinal Cord Disorders --- Myelopathy --- Myelopathies --- Spinal Cord Disease --- Spinal Cord Disorder --- Central Nervous System Viral Infections --- Infections, CNS, Viral --- Infections, Viral CNS --- Viral Infections, Central Nervous System --- CNS Viral Diseases --- Viral Diseases, Central Nervous System --- CNS Infection, Viral --- CNS Infections, Viral --- CNS Viral Disease --- Disease, CNS Viral --- Diseases, CNS Viral --- Infection, Viral CNS --- Viral CNS Infection --- Viral CNS Infections --- Viral Disease, CNS --- Viral Diseases, CNS --- Infectious Myelitis --- Inflammation, Spinal Cord --- Myelopathy, Inflammatory --- Spinal Cord Inflammation --- Subacute Necrotizing Myelitis --- Inflammations, Spinal Cord --- Inflammatory Myelopathies --- Inflammatory Myelopathy --- Myelitides --- Myelitides, Subacute Necrotizing --- Myelitis, Infectious --- Myelitis, Subacute Necrotizing --- Myelopathies, Inflammatory --- Necrotizing Myelitides, Subacute --- Necrotizing Myelitis, Subacute --- Spinal Cord Inflammations --- Subacute Necrotizing Myelitides --- Nervous System Disorders --- Neurological Disorders --- Neurologic Disorders --- Disease, Nervous System --- Diseases, Nervous System --- Disorder, Nervous System --- Disorder, Neurologic --- Disorder, Neurological --- Disorders, Nervous System --- Disorders, Neurologic --- Disorders, Neurological --- Nervous System Disease --- Nervous System Disorder --- Neurologic Disorder --- Neurological Disorder --- Neurology --- Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System --- Degenerative Diseases, Neurologic --- Degenerative Diseases, Spinal Cord --- Degenerative Neurologic Diseases --- Degenerative Neurologic Disorders --- Nervous System Degenerative Diseases --- Neurodegenerative Disorders --- Neurologic Degenerative Conditions --- Neurologic Degenerative Diseases --- Neurologic Diseases, Degenerative --- Degenerative Diseases, Nervous System --- Degenerative Condition, Neurologic --- Degenerative Conditions, Neurologic --- Degenerative Neurologic Disease --- Degenerative Neurologic Disorder --- Neurodegenerative Disease --- Neurodegenerative Disorder --- Neurologic Degenerative Condition --- Neurologic Degenerative Disease --- Neurologic Disease, Degenerative --- Neurologic Disorder, Degenerative --- Neurologic Disorders, Degenerative --- Atrophic Muscular Disorders --- Spinopontine Atrophy --- Atrophy, Disuse --- Atrophy, Spinopontine --- Atrophic Muscular Disorder --- Atrophies, Disuse --- Atrophies, Spinopontine --- Disorder, Atrophic Muscular --- Disorders, Atrophic Muscular --- Disuse Atrophies --- Disuse Atrophy --- Muscular Disorder, Atrophic --- Spinopontine Atrophies --- Muscular Atrophy --- Encephalitis, Polio --- Epidemic Acute Poliomyelitis --- Polio Encephalitis --- Poliomyelitis Infection --- Poliomyelitis, Acute --- Infantile Paralysis --- Polio --- Poliomyelitis, Nonpoliovirus --- Poliomyelitis, Preparalytic --- Acute Poliomyelitis --- Acute Poliomyelitis, Epidemic --- Infection, Poliomyelitis --- Infections, Poliomyelitis --- Nonpoliovirus Poliomyelitis --- Paralysis, Infantile --- Poliomyelitides, Preparalytic --- Poliomyelitis Infections --- Poliomyelitis, Epidemic Acute --- Polios --- Preparalytic Poliomyelitis --- Post-polio syndrome --- Postpolio syndrome --- Postpoliomyelitis muscular atrophy --- Muscular atrophy --- Syndromes --- Post-Poliomyelitis Muscular Atrophy --- Muscular Atrophy, Postpoliomyelitis --- Post-Polio Syndrome --- Post-Poliomyelitis Syndrome --- Postpoliomyelitis Muscular Atrophy --- Muscular Atrophies, Post-Poliomyelitis --- Muscular Atrophies, Postpoliomyelitis --- Muscular Atrophy, Post-Poliomyelitis --- Post Poliomyelitis Muscular Atrophy --- Post Poliomyelitis Syndrome --- Post-Polio Syndromes --- Post-Poliomyelitis Muscular Atrophies --- Postpoliomyelitis Muscular Atrophies --- Infections, RNA Virus --- Infection, RNA Virus --- RNA Virus Infection --- Virus Infection, RNA --- Virus Infections, RNA --- Viral Diseases --- Viral Infections --- Virus Infections --- Disease, Viral --- Disease, Virus --- Diseases, Viral --- Diseases, Virus --- Infection, Viral --- Infection, Virus --- Infections, Viral --- Infections, Virus --- Viral Disease --- Viral Infection --- Virus Disease --- Virus Infection --- Infections, Picornaviridae --- Infections, Picornavirus --- Picornavirus Infections --- Infection, Picornaviridae --- Infection, Picornavirus --- Picornaviridae Infection --- Picornavirus Infection --- Orthopedic Disorders --- Musculoskeletal Disease --- Orthopedic Disorder --- CNS Diseases --- Central Nervous System Disorders --- CNS Disease --- Central Nervous System Disease --- Central Nervous System Disorder --- Central Nervous System Infection --- Infections, Central Nervous System --- CNS Infections --- CNS Infection --- Infection, CNS --- Infections, CNS --- Infections, Enterovirus --- Enterovirus Infection --- Infection, Enterovirus --- Cramp-Fasciculation Syndrome --- Fasciculation-Cramp Syndrome, Benign --- Foley-Denny-Brown Syndrome --- Oppenheim's Disease --- Amyotonia Congenita --- Oppenheim Disease --- Benign Fasciculation-Cramp Syndrome --- Benign Fasciculation-Cramp Syndromes --- Cramp Fasciculation Syndrome --- Cramp-Fasciculation Syndromes --- Fasciculation Cramp Syndrome, Benign --- Fasciculation-Cramp Syndromes, Benign --- Foley Denny Brown Syndrome --- Neuromuscular Disease --- Oppenheims Disease --- Syndrome, Cramp-Fasciculation --- Syndrome, Foley-Denny-Brown --- Syndromes, Cramp-Fasciculation --- Myopathic Conditions --- Muscle Disorders --- Myopathies --- Muscle Disorder --- Muscular Disease --- Myopathic Condition --- Myopathy --- Complications