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Unity of science was once a very popular idea among both philosophers and scientists. But it has fallen out of fashion, largely because of its association with reductionism and the challenge from multiple realisation. Pluralism and the disunity of science are the new norm, and higher-level natural kinds and special science laws are considered to have an important role in scientific practice. What kind of reductionism does multiple realisability challenge? What does it take to reduce one phenomenon to another? How do we determine which kinds are natural? What is the ontological basis of unity? In this Element, Tuomas Tahko examines these questions from a contemporary perspective, after a historical overview. The upshot is that there is still value in the idea of a unity of science. We can combine a modest sense of unity with pluralism and give an ontological analysis of unity in terms of natural kind monism.

Science --- Philosophy. --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- metaphysics; philosophy of science; natural kinds; reduction; realisation; Metaphysics of Science; levels of nature; unity --- Science--Philosophy --- Ontology

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"Grapples with the legacy of Jerome Wakefield, one of the most influential critics of modern psychiatry and the use of the DSM for psychiatric diagnosis"--

Psychiatry --- Mental ilness --- Mental illness --- Philosophy. --- Diagnosis. --- Wakefield, Jerome C. --- Psychology, Pathological --- Nosology --- Psychiatric diagnosis --- Psychodiagnostics --- disorder --- dysfunction --- harm --- Wakefield --- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual DSM --- function --- Harmful Dysfunction Analysis --- Mental disorder --- Evolution --- DSM --- Critics --- Spitzer --- distress --- disability --- harmful consequence --- dysfunction requirement --- Experimental philosophy --- proper function --- Theories of mental disorder --- theory-neutral --- conceptual analysis --- armchair --- Pluralism --- intuitions --- Clinical practice --- concept of disorder --- Haslam --- constructs --- Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder --- definition --- psychiatric classification --- Quine --- biological design --- naturally selected disorder --- environment mismatch --- Essentialism --- open concept --- construct validation --- latent variables --- imperfect community --- neo-empiricism --- decline in functioning --- Szasz --- network theory --- Stipulation --- meaning analysis --- abnormality --- Selected-effect --- causal-role --- Boorse --- descriptive --- natural kinds --- Cummins --- intuition --- Mechanistic explanation --- perspectival --- coherence --- Developmental mechanism --- developmental mismatch --- adaptation --- Evolutionary mismatch --- modal mismatch --- depression --- fever --- lactose intolerance --- Neander --- proximal-function --- distal function --- conduct disorder --- developmental disruption --- Low-level mechanisms --- salience system --- dopamine regulation --- aberrant valuation --- delusions --- adaptationism --- cognitive neuroscience --- mechanical-causal analysis --- belief fixation --- syndrome --- Autism --- modules --- ontogeny --- neurodiversity --- Reductionism --- naturalism --- Wittgenstein-Kripke paradox --- normative --- failure --- indeterminacy --- variation --- detrimental consequences --- individual values --- directindirect harm --- clinical significance criter --- Classification.