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This is an anthropological-sociological study of Lithuanian identity contours that are affected by the globalization. Compilers of the book suggests to start to talk about the national identity with the assumption that there are and there were no single and invariable Lithuanian model, however, no matter how various and movable would be the forms of identities, the nation consists of them. This study is an attempt to answer to the question – what does it mean to be Lithuanian today, on the ground of research.

National characteristics, Lithuanian. --- Nation --- Globalization --- National character --- Identity

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learning and teaching --- theory and practice of education --- education --- culture and national character --- teacher education

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Inventing counterfactual histories is a common pastime of modern day historians, both amateur and professional. We speculate about an America ruled by Jefferson Davis, a Europe that never threw off Hitler, or a second term for JFK. These narratives are often written off as politically inspired fantasy or as pop culture fodder, but in Telling It Like It Wasn't, Catherine Gallagher takes the history of counterfactual history seriously, pinning it down as an object of dispassionate study. She doesn't take a moral or normative stand on the practice, but focuses her attention on how it works and to what ends-a quest that takes readers on a fascinating tour of literary and historical criticism. Gallagher locates the origins of contemporary counterfactual history in eighteenth-century Europe, where the idea of other possible historical worlds first took hold in philosophical disputes about Providence before being repurposed by military theorists as a tool for improving the art of war. In the next century, counterfactualism became a legal device for deciding liability, and lengthy alternate-history fictions appeared, illustrating struggles for historical justice. These early motivations-for philosophical understanding, military improvement, and historical justice-are still evident today in our fondness for counterfactual tales. Alternate histories of the Civil War and WWII abound, but here, Gallagher shows how the counterfactual habit of replaying the recent past often shapes our understanding of the actual events themselves. The counterfactual mode lets us continue to envision our future by reconsidering the range of previous alternatives. Throughout this engaging and eye-opening book, Gallagher encourages readers to ask important questions about our obsession with counterfactual history and the roots of our tendency to ask "What if...?"

Imaginary histories. --- Alternative histories (Fiction) --- Counterfactuals (Logic) --- History and criticism. --- alternate history. --- alternate-history fiction. --- counterfactual history. --- counterfactuality. --- fictionality. --- history and literature. --- national character.

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Inventing counterfactual histories is a common pastime of modern day historians, both amateur and professional. We speculate about an America ruled by Jefferson Davis, a Europe that never threw off Hitler, or a second term for JFK. These narratives are often written off as politically inspired fantasy or as pop culture fodder, but in Telling It Like It Wasn't, Catherine Gallagher takes the history of counterfactual history seriously, pinning it down as an object of dispassionate study. She doesn't take a moral or normative stand on the practice, but focuses her attention on how it works and to what ends-a quest that takes readers on a fascinating tour of literary and historical criticism. Gallagher locates the origins of contemporary counterfactual history in eighteenth-century Europe, where the idea of other possible historical worlds first took hold in philosophical disputes about Providence before being repurposed by military theorists as a tool for improving the art of war. In the next century, counterfactualism became a legal device for deciding liability, and lengthy alternate-history fictions appeared, illustrating struggles for historical justice. These early motivations-for philosophical understanding, military improvement, and historical justice-are still evident today in our fondness for counterfactual tales. Alternate histories of the Civil War and WWII abound, but here, Gallagher shows how the counterfactual habit of replaying the recent past often shapes our understanding of the actual events themselves. The counterfactual mode lets us continue to envision our future by reconsidering the range of previous alternatives. Throughout this engaging and eye-opening book, Gallagher encourages readers to ask important questions about our obsession with counterfactual history and the roots of our tendency to ask "What if...?"

Alternative histories (Fiction) --- Alternative histories (Fiction). --- Counterfactuals (Logic). --- Imaginary histories --- Imaginary histories. --- History and criticism. --- History. --- Fiction --- History as a science --- Psychological study of literature --- Counterfactuals (Logic) --- alternate history. --- alternate-history fiction. --- counterfactual history. --- counterfactuality. --- fictionality. --- history and literature. --- national character.

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Western policymakers knew little about Poland in 1914, but by the end of the First World War were drawing the new country's borders, sending humanitarian aid, and imposing minority protections. Passion and Restraint examines how British, French, and American foreign policymakers interacted with Poles and the notion of an independent Poland.

Polish question. --- Polish people. --- Poland --- Foreign relations --- 1919. --- American relations. --- Anglo. --- Danzig. --- David Lloyd George. --- Eastern Europe. --- First. --- Franco-Polish relations. --- Front. --- Galicia. --- Gdansk. --- Georges Clemenceau. --- Ignacy Paderewski. --- Jozef Pilsudski. --- Lewis Namier. --- Paris Peace Conference. --- Polish Corridor. --- Polonia. --- Poznan. --- Roman Dmowski. --- Russian. --- Upper Silesia. --- WWI. --- Woodrow Wilson. --- World War One. --- diplomatic history. --- discrimination. --- emotional communities. --- emotionology. --- emotions. --- gender. --- global governance. --- history. --- humanitarianism. --- international. --- intervention. --- liminal orientalism. --- minorities. --- national character. --- nationalism. --- niepodleglosc. --- political discourse. --- prejudice. --- stereotypes.