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This book includes recent advances in the use of clays in the design of medicinal products and medicinal devices. The pharmaceutical applications of nanoclays are far ranging, because of their distinct advantages: they are versatile (possess a wide range of mechanical, chemical and physical properties) and available at reasonable costs. Some special clays (mainly kaolinite, halloysite, montmorillonite, saponite, hectorite, palygorskite and sepiolite), as well as semi-synthetic (organoclays) or synthetic (double layer hydroxides) derivatives, are very useful materials for modulating drug delivery. In the last decade, several actives have been loaded onto nanoclays and similar inorganic excipients to increase solubility, improve stability, reduce toxicity, and enhance bioavailability, with a consequent increase in therapeutic response. Polymer/clay nanocomposites with synergic properties have been developed, showing improved mechanical properties with respect to the pristine polymer matrices and allowing modified release of loaded actives. Moreover, nanoclays have very recently demonstrated positive effects on the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts. The development of clay-based medicinal products and medicinal devices requires experience in the fields of both clay structure and properties and pharmaceutical technology design.

Medicine --- hydrochlorothiazide --- cyclodextrins --- sepiolite --- nanoclay --- dissolution rate --- tablet --- electrospinning --- chitosan --- chondroitin sulfate --- scaffolds --- montmorillonite --- halloysite --- fibroblasts proliferation --- immune response --- glycosaminoglycans --- antimicrobial properties --- palygorskite --- spring water --- hydrogel --- fibroblast --- biocompatibility --- wound healing --- mesoporous clay --- Neusilin --- aeroperl --- liquisolid technique --- glyburide --- dissolution improvement --- hydrotalcite --- ketoprofen --- hybrid --- photostability --- hydrogel film --- bioadhesion --- heavy metal --- hazardous element --- element mobility --- clay minerals --- toxicity --- palygorksite --- proliferation --- Franz cell --- bioactive elements --- praziquantel --- drug --- organic solvents --- in vitro dissolution tests --- cytotoxicity --- targeted drug delivery --- halloysite nanotube --- osteosarcoma --- methotrexate --- surface modification --- hydrochlorothiazide --- cyclodextrins --- sepiolite --- nanoclay --- dissolution rate --- tablet --- electrospinning --- chitosan --- chondroitin sulfate --- scaffolds --- montmorillonite --- halloysite --- fibroblasts proliferation --- immune response --- glycosaminoglycans --- antimicrobial properties --- palygorskite --- spring water --- hydrogel --- fibroblast --- biocompatibility --- wound healing --- mesoporous clay --- Neusilin --- aeroperl --- liquisolid technique --- glyburide --- dissolution improvement --- hydrotalcite --- ketoprofen --- hybrid --- photostability --- hydrogel film --- bioadhesion --- heavy metal --- hazardous element --- element mobility --- clay minerals --- toxicity --- palygorksite --- proliferation --- Franz cell --- bioactive elements --- praziquantel --- drug --- organic solvents --- in vitro dissolution tests --- cytotoxicity --- targeted drug delivery --- halloysite nanotube --- osteosarcoma --- methotrexate --- surface modification

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This book includes recent advances in the use of clays in the design of medicinal products and medicinal devices. The pharmaceutical applications of nanoclays are far ranging, because of their distinct advantages: they are versatile (possess a wide range of mechanical, chemical and physical properties) and available at reasonable costs. Some special clays (mainly kaolinite, halloysite, montmorillonite, saponite, hectorite, palygorskite and sepiolite), as well as semi-synthetic (organoclays) or synthetic (double layer hydroxides) derivatives, are very useful materials for modulating drug delivery. In the last decade, several actives have been loaded onto nanoclays and similar inorganic excipients to increase solubility, improve stability, reduce toxicity, and enhance bioavailability, with a consequent increase in therapeutic response. Polymer/clay nanocomposites with synergic properties have been developed, showing improved mechanical properties with respect to the pristine polymer matrices and allowing modified release of loaded actives. Moreover, nanoclays have very recently demonstrated positive effects on the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts. The development of clay-based medicinal products and medicinal devices requires experience in the fields of both clay structure and properties and pharmaceutical technology design.

hydrochlorothiazide --- cyclodextrins --- sepiolite --- nanoclay --- dissolution rate --- tablet --- electrospinning --- chitosan --- chondroitin sulfate --- scaffolds --- montmorillonite --- halloysite --- fibroblasts proliferation --- immune response --- glycosaminoglycans --- antimicrobial properties --- palygorskite --- spring water --- hydrogel --- fibroblast --- biocompatibility --- wound healing --- mesoporous clay --- Neusilin --- aeroperl --- liquisolid technique --- glyburide --- dissolution improvement --- hydrotalcite --- ketoprofen --- hybrid --- photostability --- hydrogel film --- bioadhesion --- heavy metal --- hazardous element --- element mobility --- clay minerals --- toxicity --- palygorksite --- proliferation --- Franz cell --- bioactive elements --- praziquantel --- drug --- organic solvents --- in vitro dissolution tests --- cytotoxicity --- targeted drug delivery --- halloysite nanotube --- osteosarcoma --- methotrexate --- surface modification --- n/a

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This book is dedicated to the use of nanomaterials for the modification of asphalt binders, and to investigate whether or not the use of nanomaterials for asphalt mixtures fabrication achieves more effective asphalt pavement layers. A total of 10 contributions are included. Four are related to “Binder’s modification” and five to “Asphalt mixtures’ modification”. The remaining contribution is a review of the effects of the modifications on nanomaterials, particularly nanosilica, nanoclays and nanoiron, on the performance of asphalt mixtures. The published group of papers fosters awareness about the use of nanomaterials to modify asphalt mixtures to obtain more performant and durable flexible road pavements.

History of engineering & technology --- Graphene nano-platelets (GNPs) --- asphalt --- Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) --- structural performance --- functional performance --- nanomaterials --- life cycle assessment --- nano-modified asphalt materials --- environmental impact --- spring-thaw season --- freeze-thaw cycle --- Nanomaterial modifier --- nano hydrophobic silane silica --- property improvement --- seasonally frozen region --- aggregate-bitumen interface --- bond strength --- nano titanium dioxide --- epoxy emulsified asphalt --- photocatalysis --- exhaust gas degradation --- modified asphalt mixtures --- polymers --- rheological behavior --- fatigue cracking --- permanent deformation --- modified bitumen --- nanosilica --- nanoclay --- nanoiron --- asphalt mixtures --- mechanical performance --- aging sensitivity --- ageing --- plastic film --- urban waste --- moisture --- indirect tensile strength --- graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) --- EAF steel slag --- microwave heating --- self-healing --- Asphalt modification --- modifier chemistry --- long-term aging --- asphalt rheology --- phase angle --- delta Tc --- Graphene nano-platelets (GNPs) --- asphalt --- Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) --- structural performance --- functional performance --- nanomaterials --- life cycle assessment --- nano-modified asphalt materials --- environmental impact --- spring-thaw season --- freeze-thaw cycle --- Nanomaterial modifier --- nano hydrophobic silane silica --- property improvement --- seasonally frozen region --- aggregate-bitumen interface --- bond strength --- nano titanium dioxide --- epoxy emulsified asphalt --- photocatalysis --- exhaust gas degradation --- modified asphalt mixtures --- polymers --- rheological behavior --- fatigue cracking --- permanent deformation --- modified bitumen --- nanosilica --- nanoclay --- nanoiron --- asphalt mixtures --- mechanical performance --- aging sensitivity --- ageing --- plastic film --- urban waste --- moisture --- indirect tensile strength --- graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) --- EAF steel slag --- microwave heating --- self-healing --- Asphalt modification --- modifier chemistry --- long-term aging --- asphalt rheology --- phase angle --- delta Tc

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In a similar way to many other engineering fields, the road pavement industry strongly affects the critical issues of our generation, including climate change, pollutant emission, the exploitation of natural resources and economic crises. For this reason, technicians and researchers are searching ravenously for sustainable solutions to implement in current road construction systems with the following goals: To reduce the consumption of energy and virgin materials; To run environmentally and economically friendly maintenance; To recycle waste from different industrial processes; To decrease the noise, the pollution and the heat generated by traffic, particularly in urban contexts. This Special Issue aims to collect high-quality studies that combine the aforementioned solutions, including works pertaining to: The hot, warm, and cold recycling of reclaimed asphalt pavement; Marginal materials for asphalt pavements; Innovative sustainable materials; Durability and environmental aspects; Structure performance, modeling and design; Advanced trends in rehabilitation and preservation; Surface characteristics and road safety; Management system/life cycle analysis; Urban heat island mitigation; Energy harvesting.

porous concrete --- metakaolin --- geopolymers --- permeable pavements --- urban drainage systems --- maintenance --- reinforced asphalt pavement --- geogrid --- interlayer bonding --- static shear test --- cyclic shear test --- fatigue properties --- warm mix asphalt --- natural zeolite --- gas emissions --- energy consumption --- production costs --- bituminous mixtures --- nano-additives --- nanoclay --- carbon nanotubes --- graphene nanoplatelets --- nano-calcium oxide --- nano-titanium dioxide --- sonication --- fatigue performance --- self-healing --- hot-mix asphalt --- ageing --- cooling --- temperature segregation --- hauling --- insulated truck --- re-heating --- contact stresses --- rolling resistance --- braking --- free rolling --- load --- inflation pressure --- speed --- porosity --- permeability coefficients --- mixing ratio --- aggregate size --- compressive strength --- computed tomography (CT) image --- ex-post CBA --- road modernisation --- incidence of traffic accidents --- decision-making process --- life cycle assessment --- waste management --- circular economy --- alternative materials --- construction --- road stabilisation --- bearing capacity --- unbound base course --- cold central-plant recycled base course --- falling weight deflectometer (FWD), cold recycling in-plant --- bitumen --- aging --- rejuvenation --- reclaimed asphalt --- recycling --- coal bottom ash --- waste material --- recycle --- construction industry --- civil engineering --- bitumen selection --- performance-graded bitumen --- asphalt pavement temperatures --- temperature maps --- n/a

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To celebrate the publication of 20,000 articles in Applied Sciences, we launched this Special Issue “Celebrating Applied Sciences Reaching Its 20,000 Article Milestone: Feature Papers of the Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering Section”. We have invited well-known experts in different areas of interest covered in “Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering” to submit their original research papers and review articles of the highest quality in celebrating together with our readers on this special occasion. This Special Issue has collected more than 10 papers featuring important and recent developments or achievements in biosciences and bioengineering, with a special emphasis on recently discovered techniques or applications.

Technology: general issues --- Biotechnology --- biothiols --- blood plasma --- gold nanoparticles --- colorimetric probes --- chaperone system --- Hsp60 --- gastritis --- gastric dysplasia --- gastric carcinogenesis --- intestinal metaplasia --- LAMP --- Salmonella --- ISO 16140:2016 --- food-borne --- validation --- specificity --- sensitivity --- accuracy --- kit --- elderberry --- Sambucus nigra L. --- juice concentrate --- storage effect --- phenolic compounds --- berries --- anthocyanins' stability --- polymeric color --- ABTS•+ antioxidant capacity --- endothelial glycocalyx --- inflammatory response --- fluid loading --- surgery --- post-operative --- albumin extravasation --- serum HSP90 --- gamma-delta T cells --- acute lymphoblastic leukaemia --- halophyte --- sea purslane --- minerals --- antioxidant activity --- novel ingredient --- epilepsy --- systems biology --- protein-protein interactions --- CNS --- Gibbs homology --- drug targets --- anti-epileptic drugs --- periodontitis --- inflammation --- oils --- volatile --- heart disease risk factors --- asthma --- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease --- COPD --- epithelial-mesenchymal trophic unit --- muco-microbiotic layer --- nanovesicles --- exosomes --- outer membrane vesicles --- microbiota --- spheroid --- organoid --- van der Waals force --- fluoropolymers --- adhesion --- microstamp --- extracellular vesicles --- liquid biopsy --- biomarkers --- tumor progression --- metastasis --- drug delivery --- halloysite --- nanoclay --- regenerative medicine --- tissue engineering --- wound healing --- stroke --- yoga --- balance disability --- depression --- levetiracetam --- critically ill patients --- population pharmacokinetic modeling --- simulated dosage schemes --- intensive care unit --- biothiols --- blood plasma --- gold nanoparticles --- colorimetric probes --- chaperone system --- Hsp60 --- gastritis --- gastric dysplasia --- gastric carcinogenesis --- intestinal metaplasia --- LAMP --- Salmonella --- ISO 16140:2016 --- food-borne --- validation --- specificity --- sensitivity --- accuracy --- kit --- elderberry --- Sambucus nigra L. --- juice concentrate --- storage effect --- phenolic compounds --- berries --- anthocyanins' stability --- polymeric color --- ABTS•+ antioxidant capacity --- endothelial glycocalyx --- inflammatory response --- fluid loading --- surgery --- post-operative --- albumin extravasation --- serum HSP90 --- gamma-delta T cells --- acute lymphoblastic leukaemia --- halophyte --- sea purslane --- minerals --- antioxidant activity --- novel ingredient --- epilepsy --- systems biology --- protein-protein interactions --- CNS --- Gibbs homology --- drug targets --- anti-epileptic drugs --- periodontitis --- inflammation --- oils --- volatile --- heart disease risk factors --- asthma --- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease --- COPD --- epithelial-mesenchymal trophic unit --- muco-microbiotic layer --- nanovesicles --- exosomes --- outer membrane vesicles --- microbiota --- spheroid --- organoid --- van der Waals force --- fluoropolymers --- adhesion --- microstamp --- extracellular vesicles --- liquid biopsy --- biomarkers --- tumor progression --- metastasis --- drug delivery --- halloysite --- nanoclay --- regenerative medicine --- tissue engineering --- wound healing --- stroke --- yoga --- balance disability --- depression --- levetiracetam --- critically ill patients --- population pharmacokinetic modeling --- simulated dosage schemes --- intensive care unit