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The impact of fat intake on hypercholesterolemia and related atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases has been studied for decades. However, the current evidence base suggests that fatty acids also influences cardiometabolic diseases through other mechanisms including effects on glucose metabolism, body fat distribution, blood pressure, inflammation, and heart rate. Furthermore, studies evaluating single fatty acids have challenged the simplistic view of shared health effects within fatty acid groups categorized by degree of saturation. In addition, investigations of endogenous fatty acid metabolism, including genetic studies of fatty acid metabolizing enzymes, and the identification of novel metabolically derived fatty acids have further increased the complexity of fatty acids’ health impacts. This Special Issue aims to include original research and up-to-date reviews on genetic and dietary modulation of fatty acids, and the role and function of dietary and metabolically derived fatty acids in cardiometabolic health.

coronary artery disease --- n-6 fatty acids --- ischemic heart disease --- n-3 fatty acids --- body weight --- alternatively activated macrophages --- type 2 cytokines --- children --- medium-chain triglyceride --- fat --- omega-3 PUFA --- substitution models --- obesity --- EETs --- arachidonic acid --- blood pressure --- Genome-wide association study (GWAS) --- antioxidant --- Mediterranean diet --- Insulin sensitivity --- PUFA --- n-3 PUFA --- long-chain triglyceride --- fish oil --- omega 3 --- CAD --- adipose tissue --- FADS --- blood lipids --- hemodynamics --- genotype --- erucic acid --- klotho --- CYP450 eicosanoids --- cardiometabolic disease --- fibrosis --- desaturase --- EEQs --- cohort study --- lipid metabolism --- fatty acid --- metabolic disease --- epidemiology --- omega-3 --- inflammation --- docosapentaenoic acid --- omega-6 PUFA --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- diet --- CKD --- human --- perivascular adipose tissue --- seafood --- cardiovascular disease --- prospective cohort study --- linoleic acid --- low-fat diet --- conjugated fatty acids --- furan fatty acids --- unsaturated fat --- statins --- fish --- cholesterol ester --- CHD --- COPD

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Lipids represent the major players in marine organisms as the major constituents of biological membranes, with key roles in biological processes and acclimation to environmental changes. New research trends aim to contribute to improving knowledge on the role lipids in the biological matrix, understanding the impact of climate change in marine organisms, and developing new tools for chemophenotyping, traceability, and biomarkers of trophic chains in marine ecosystems, such that the nutritional value or prospective bioactive compounds can be disclosed for health applications. “Lipids in the Ocean 2021” (http://lipids2021.web.ua.pt) was originally planned to be held at the University of Aveiro and ran from 5 to 7 July 2021 (and was ultimately an online conference due to uncertainties regarding the COVID-19 situation). The aim was to go in deep into research interests covering topics related to lipids from marine organisms, such as marine lipidomics, lipids as biomarkers in trophic webs, green lipids from the ocean (seaweeds, microalgae, and macrophytes), marine lipid biotechnology, and seafood traceability using lipids—from basic research to sustainable production and applications in the food, nutraceutics, feed, cosmetics, and pharma industries. This Special Issue welcomed not only attendees of “Lipids in the Ocean 2021” to publish their latest research outcomes but also all researchers in relevant fields to share their exciting works with the community.

fatty acids --- fungal endophytes --- laminariales --- Paradendryphiella salina --- brown adipose tissue --- browning --- energy expenditure --- n-3 fatty acid --- uncoupling protein --- white adipose tissue --- krill oil --- omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids --- bioavailability --- nutraceuticals --- dietary supplements --- dietary resource --- Mytilus galloprovincialis --- Crassostrea gigas --- diatom --- competition --- biofouling --- EPA --- DHA --- aquafeeds --- n-3/n-6 ratio --- n-3 PUFA --- IMTA --- powdered fish oil --- docosahexaenoic acid --- chitosan nanoparticles --- encapsulation efficiency --- loading capacity --- TGA --- FTIR --- oxidative stability --- algae --- bioactivity --- glycolipids --- lipidomics --- macroalgae --- phospholipids --- seaweeds --- long-chain PUFA synthesis --- desaturases --- elongases --- PKS pathway --- 20:5n-3 (EPA) --- 22:6n-3 (DHA) --- Tisochrysis lutea --- 13C artificial enrichment --- Crypthecodinium cohnii --- omega-3 fatty acid --- biomass recycling --- dinoflagellate extract --- FTIR spectroscopy --- Krebs cycle --- central metabolism --- kinetic model --- constraint-based model

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Cultural forces shape much of medicine including psychiatry, and medicine shapes much of our culture. Medicine provides us with beneficial treatments of disease, but it also causes harm, increasingly so in the form of overmedication enhanced by the pharmaceutical industry. The book explores boundaries of medicine and psychiatry in a cultural setting by building bridges between unconnected literatures. Boundaries have to be redrawn since effects of the environment, biological, social and political, on health and disease are undervalued. Potential beneficial effects of diet therapies are a recurrent theme throughout the text, with particular emphasis on omega-3 fatty acids. Deficiencies of these acids in common diets may contribute to many chronic diseases and psychiatric disorders. The book uncovers limitations of evidence-based medicine, which fosters a restrictive view of health and disease. Case studies include: the biology of migraine; limitations of biological psychiatry; conventional versus alternative medicine; science, religion and near-death experiences.

Medicine --- Clinical Medicine --- Evidence-Based Practice --- Behavioral Sciences --- Philosophy --- Pathologic Processes --- Dietary Fats, Unsaturated --- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated --- Health Occupations --- Fish Oils --- Investigative Techniques --- Humanities --- Behavioral Disciplines and Activities --- Fatty Acids --- Dietary Fats --- Oils --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Lipids --- Fats --- Diseases --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Fatty Acids, Omega-3 --- Philosophy, Medical --- Evidence-Based Medicine --- Psychiatry --- Disease --- Methods --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Medical Ethics & Philosophy --- Fats, Dietary --- Dietary Fat --- Fat, Dietary --- Aliphatic Acids --- Aliphatic Acid --- Esterified Fatty Acid --- Fatty Acid --- Fatty Acids, Esterified --- Fatty Acids, Saturated --- Saturated Fatty Acid --- Acid, Aliphatic --- Acid, Esterified Fatty --- Acid, Saturated Fatty --- Esterified Fatty Acids --- Fatty Acid, Esterified --- Fatty Acid, Saturated --- Saturated Fatty Acids --- Investigative Technics --- Investigative Technic --- Investigative Technique --- Technic, Investigative --- Technics, Investigative --- Technique, Investigative --- Techniques, Investigative --- Fish Oil --- Fish Liver Oils --- Liver Oils, Fish --- Oil, Fish --- Oils, Fish --- Oils, Fish Liver --- Health Professions --- Health Occupation --- Health Profession --- Profession, Health --- Professions, Health --- Occupations --- Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids --- Fatty Acids, Polyunsaturated --- Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid --- Unsaturated Fatty Acid --- Acid, Polyunsaturated Fatty --- Acid, Unsaturated Fatty --- Acids, Polyunsaturated Fatty --- Acids, Unsaturated Fatty --- Fatty Acid, Polyunsaturated --- Fatty Acid, Unsaturated --- Unsaturated Fatty Acids --- Dietary Oils --- Unsaturated Dietary Fats --- Dietary Fat, Unsaturated --- Dietary Oil --- Fat, Unsaturated Dietary --- Fats, Unsaturated Dietary --- Oil, Dietary --- Oils, Dietary --- Unsaturated Dietary Fat --- Pathological Processes --- Processes, Pathologic --- Processes, Pathological --- Pharmacy Philosophy --- Philosophical Overview --- Hedonism --- Stoicism --- Overview, Philosophical --- Overviews, Philosophical --- Pharmacy Philosophies --- Philosophical Overviews --- Philosophies --- Philosophies, Pharmacy --- Philosophy, Pharmacy --- Evidence Based Health Care Management --- Evidence Based Healthcare Management --- Evidence Based Management, Health Care --- Evidence Based Management, Healthcare --- Evidence-Based Healthcare --- Evidence-Based Health Care --- Evidence Based Health Care --- Evidence Based Healthcare --- Evidence Based Practice --- Evidence-Based Health Cares --- Evidence-Based Healthcares --- Health Care, Evidence-Based --- Health Cares, Evidence-Based --- Healthcare, Evidence-Based --- Healthcares, Evidence-Based --- Medicine, Clinical --- Proxemics --- Behavioral Science --- Proxemic --- Science, Behavioral --- Sciences, Behavioral --- Health Workforce --- Methodological Studies --- Methodological Study --- Procedures --- Studies, Methodological --- Study, Methodological --- Method --- Procedure --- Medical Specialities --- Medical Specialties --- Medical Specialty --- Specialities, Medical --- Specialties, Medical --- Specialty, Medical --- Medical Speciality --- Speciality, Medical --- Psychiatrists --- Psychiatrist --- Medicine, Evidence-Based --- Evidence Based Medicine --- Medicine, Evidence Based --- Decision Support Techniques --- Evidence-Based Dentistry --- Evidence-Based Nursing --- Medical Philosophy --- Omega 3 Fatty Acids --- n-3 Oils --- n-3 PUFA --- n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid --- n3 Fatty Acid --- n3 Oils --- n3 PUFA --- n3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid --- N-3 Fatty Acid --- Omega-3 Fatty Acid --- Omega-3 Fatty Acids --- n-3 Fatty Acids --- n-3 Oil --- n3 Oil --- Acid, N-3 Fatty --- Acid, Omega-3 Fatty --- Fatty Acid, N-3 --- Fatty Acid, Omega-3 --- Fatty Acid, n3 --- N 3 Fatty Acid --- Oil, n-3 --- Oil, n3 --- Omega 3 Fatty Acid --- PUFA, n-3 --- PUFA, n3 --- n 3 Fatty Acids --- n 3 Oil --- n 3 Oils --- n 3 PUFA --- n 3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid --- Lipid --- Symptoms and General Pathology --- Disease. --- Philosophy, Medical. --- Psychiatry. --- methods. --- therapeutic use. --- Philosophy. --- Medicine and psychology --- Mental health --- Psychology, Pathological --- EBM (Medicine) --- Evidence-based healthcare --- Clinical medicine --- Systematic reviews (Medical research) --- Decision making