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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Science: general issues --- Medical genetics --- antibiotic resistance --- next generation sequencing --- mobile genetic element --- horizontal gene transfer --- Mutation Rate --- infectious diseases --- resistome --- New Antibiotic Target --- Direct Evolution Experiment

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Molecular biology --- Molecular evolution --- Evolution (Biology) --- Evolution --- Molecular Biology --- Periodicals --- Periodicals. --- Molecular biology. --- Molecular evolution. --- Evolution, Molecular --- Biochemical evolution --- Chemical evolution --- Biological Evolution. --- Molecular Biology. --- Life --- Molecular biochemistry --- Molecular biophysics --- Biochemistry --- Biophysics --- Biomolecules --- Systems biology --- Biochemical Genetics --- Biology, Molecular --- Genetics, Biochemical --- Genetics, Molecular --- Molecular Genetics --- Biochemical Genetic --- Genetic, Biochemical --- Genetic, Molecular --- Molecular Genetic --- Genetic Phenomena --- Evolution, Biological --- Sociobiology --- Origin --- Genetic Evolution --- Molecular Evolution --- Evolution, Genetic --- Directed Molecular Evolution --- evolution. --- molecular biology. --- Biological Sciences --- bioinformatics --- molecular dynamics --- molecular epidemiology --- molecular genetics --- molecular models --- molecular systematics --- evolutionary biology --- biological speciation --- center of diversity --- center of origin --- coevolution --- concerted evolution --- convergent evolution --- divergent evolution --- evolutionarily stable strategy --- evolutionary adaptation --- exaptation --- extinction --- mutation rate --- natural selection --- neoteny --- niche conservatism --- ontogeny --- parallel evolution --- phylogeny --- regressive evolution --- selection pressure --- biogenesis --- ecological traps --- genome expansion --- paleontology --- Biologie moléculaire --- Évolution moléculaire --- Évolution moléculaire. --- Science

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A powerful framework for understanding how natural selection shapes adaptation and biological designDesign and diversity are the two great challenges in the study of life. Microbial Life History draws on the latest advances in microbiology to describe the fundamental forces of biological design and apply these evolutionary processes to a broad diversity of traits in microbial metabolism and biochemistry.Emphasizing how to formulate and test hypotheses of adaptation, Steven Frank provides a new foundation for exploring the evolutionary forces of design. He discusses the economic principles of marginal valuations, tradeoffs, and payoffs in risky and random environments; the social aspects of conflict and cooperation; the demographic aspects of age and spatial heterogeneity; and the engineering control theory principles by which systems adjust to environments. Frank then applies these evolutionary principles to the biochemistry of microbial metabolism, providing the first comprehensive link between the forces that shape biological design and cellular energetics.Tracing how natural selection sculpts metabolism, Microbial Life History provides new perspectives on the life histories of organisms, from growth rate and survival to dispersal and defense against attack. Along the way, this incisive book addresses the conceptual and philosophical challenges confronting evolutionary biologists and other practitioners who study biological design and seek to apply its lessons.

Microbial metabolism --- Evolution (Biology) --- Evolution. --- Allele frequency. --- Availability. --- Bacteria. --- Bacteroides. --- Biochemistry. --- Biomass (ecology). --- Biomass. --- Carbon. --- Catabolism. --- Causality. --- Cell membrane. --- Complication (horology). --- Computer scientist. --- Computer simulation. --- Contexts. --- Covariance. --- Covariate. --- Credibility. --- David Spergel. --- Distrust. --- Electron acceptor. --- Electron transport chain. --- Employment. --- Environmental factor. --- Enzyme. --- Equilibrium (puzzle). --- Escherichia coli. --- Fecundity. --- Feed forward (control). --- Fermentation. --- Fitness (biology). --- Fitness landscape. --- Gamma ray. --- Genetic correlation. --- Genotype. --- Glucose uptake. --- Glucose. --- Glycine. --- Glycolysis. --- Heat transfer. --- Hydrogen sulfide. --- Innovation. --- International Union of Pure and Applied Physics. --- Kin selection. --- Laboratory. --- Laser. --- Likelihood function. --- Low frequency. --- Measurement. --- Metabolism. --- Metabolite. --- Metallicity. --- Microbial metabolism. --- Microbiology. --- Microorganism. --- Molecule. --- Monosaccharide. --- Mutation rate. --- National Science Foundation. --- Natural environment. --- Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. --- One-Step. --- Optics. --- Organism. --- Oxidative stress. --- Parameter. --- Pareto efficiency. --- Phenotype. --- Phenotypic trait. --- Prediction. --- Probability. --- Processing (Chinese materia medica). --- Protein. --- Proteome. --- Redox. --- Reproductive success. --- Reproductive value (population genetics). --- Robotic telescope. --- Secretion. --- Selection coefficient. --- Siderophore. --- Sociality. --- Star system. --- Stellar mass. --- Stimulation. --- Subset. --- Sulfate-reducing bacteria. --- Sulfate. --- Sulfide. --- Sunset provision. --- Synthetic biology. --- Technology. --- Toxin. --- Trade-off. --- Trait theory. --- Unit sphere. --- Virulence. --- Weighting. --- rRNA Operon.

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The past few years have witnessed an explosive increase in our collective knowledge of the biology of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Researchers have acquired new understanding of the virus's biochemistry, molecular biology, pathogenesis, genetics, and immunobiology. Resulting therapeutic advances have significantly prolonged the lives of thousands. Yet, the need to develop better therapies is ever more acute and--given the virus's continued spread through the human population--the need for an effective vaccine is urgent. These goals can be accomplished only through the experienced synthesis of information from the many disciplines participating in HIV research and through the insights of new investigators. This volume is designed to lower the barriers imposed on investigators by the sheer volume of available information--information that often can be found only in far-flung and specialized journals. It provides, in a single resource, an in-depth overview of the diverse areas that constitute HIV research. The result is a broad introduction for students and researchers new to the field as well as an integrated overview for researchers specialized in particular areas of HIV investigation. The volume will also benefit those seeking technical understanding of the virus's biology, including physicians treating HIV-infected patients. Each chapter is a comprehensive presentation of one area of current AIDS research--including work on the virus life cycle, epidemiology, genetics, protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors, receptor and co-receptor interactions, therapeutic targets, clinical treatment, immunobiology, and vaccines--written by a leading researcher in that area. The contributors are Jon P. Anderson, Jan Balzarini, Elana Cherry, Thomas J. Coates, Chris Collins, Jon H. Condra, Mark B. Feinberg, Richard B. Gaynor, Matthias Götte, Daria J. Hazuda, Spyros Kalams, Nathaniel R. Landau, Gerald H. Learn, Norman L. Letvin, James I. Mullins, Willscott E. Naugler, David Nickle, Matthew Rain, Allen G. Rodrigo, Daniel Shriner, Shalom Spira, Mario Stevenson, Todd Summers, Catherine Ulich, Joseph P. Vacca, Mark A. Wainberg, Bruce D. Walker, and Yang Wang.

Infections à VIH. --- Virus du sida. --- HIV Infections --- HIV-1 --- HIV infections --- HIV (Viruses) --- therapy. --- chemistry. --- immunology. --- Pathogenesis. --- Immunotherapy. --- Molecular aspects. --- Activation. --- Active site. --- Amino acid. --- Antibody. --- Antigen. --- Antiviral drug. --- Apoptosis. --- Assay. --- C-terminus. --- CCR5. --- CD4. --- CD8. --- CXCR4. --- Cell culture. --- Cell membrane. --- Chemokine receptor. --- Chemokine. --- Chemotherapy. --- Cofactor (biochemistry). --- Cytokine. --- Cytoplasm. --- Cytotoxic T cell. --- DNA synthesis. --- DNA, Viral. --- Dendritic cell. --- Disease Progression. --- Disease. --- Drug Therapy. --- Drug resistance. --- Efficacy. --- Enzyme. --- Epidemic. --- Epitope. --- Feline immunodeficiency virus. --- Gene expression. --- Gene product. --- Glycoprotein. --- Gp41. --- HIV vaccine. --- HIV. --- HIV/AIDS. --- Immortalised cell line. --- Immunodeficiency. --- In vitro. --- In vivo. --- Infection. --- Infectivity. --- Integrase. --- Lentivirus. --- Lymphocyte. --- Lysis. --- Macrophage. --- Major histocompatibility complex. --- Management of HIV/AIDS. --- Messenger RNA. --- Molecule. --- Moloney murine leukemia virus. --- Monoclonal antibody. --- Mutagenesis. --- Mutation rate. --- Mutation. --- Nucleic acid. --- Nucleotide. --- Oligonucleotide. --- Opportunistic infection. --- Pathogen. --- Peptide. --- Phenotype. --- Phosphorylation. --- Point mutation. --- Pre-integration complex. --- Processing (Chinese materia medica). --- Processivity. --- Protease. --- Protein. --- Provirus. --- RNA polymerase II. --- RNA, Viral. --- Receptor (biochemistry). --- Resistance mutation. --- Retrovirus. --- Reverse transcriptase. --- Reverse-transcriptase inhibitor. --- Ribonuclease H. --- Simian immunodeficiency virus. --- Superinfection. --- T cell. --- Vaccine. --- Vertically transmitted infection. --- Viral envelope. --- Viral load. --- Viral protein. --- Viral replication. --- Viremia. --- Virus Assembly. --- Virus. --- Vpr. --- Vpu. --- Zidovudine.