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As computer and space technologies have been developed, geoscience information systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) technologies, which deal with the geospatial information, have been rapidly maturing. Moreover, over the last few decades, machine learning techniques including artificial neural network (ANN), deep learning, decision tree, and support vector machine (SVM) have been successfully applied to geospatial science and engineering research fields. The machine learning techniques have been widely applied to GIS and RS research fields and have recently produced valuable results in the areas of geoscience, environment, natural hazards, and natural resources. This book is a collection representing novel contributions detailing machine learning techniques as applied to geoscience information systems and remote sensing.

n/a --- sport games --- compensatory eating --- breath test --- exercise-induced anorexia --- Fitbit --- nutrition education --- senescence --- body weight --- sport nutrition --- fitness --- long-term follow-up --- self-efficacy --- protein --- food consumption --- cytokines --- physical exercise --- cardiometabolic health --- mediation analyses --- obesity --- food choice --- telomere length --- sporting events --- carbohydrates --- free radicals --- marathon --- adolescents --- movement skills --- naturally enriched 13C-milk proteins --- behavioral intervention --- acute exercise --- skeletal muscle damage --- Protein --- TERRA --- nutrition --- telemonitoring --- Latino --- adolescent --- macronutrients --- metabolism --- mechanisms of impact --- anabolic competence --- endurance exercise --- food healthiness --- exercise --- health promotion --- behavioral economics --- immunity --- stunting --- lifestyle intervention --- running --- telomerase --- dietary intake --- inflammation --- vegetarian --- recreational athlete --- physical performance --- out-of-home eating --- diet --- overweight --- dietary restriction --- soccer --- dual burden of malnutrition --- protein shake --- childhood memories --- chronic diseases --- music events --- oxidation --- added sugar --- lifestyle change --- vegan --- nudges --- food --- physical activity --- half-marathon --- health conscious --- free or reduced lunch --- low-income --- diet quality --- National School Lunch Program --- older adults --- aging --- sport spectators --- chronic low-grade systemic inflammation --- sport --- food intake

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In this Special Issue, we have published papers on the health-promoting effects of nutraceuticals from different sources, and their effects in different pathologies. Extracts from plants have been analyzed, for example, extracts from olive leaves, Mikania micrantha, the devil’s claw, raspberries and others, alongside marine phytoplankton, egg-yolk and marketed dietary supplements. The effects of these extracts and dietary supplements have been studied in diseases associated with obesity, and in diseases where inflammation pathways are involved. The effectiveness of resveratrol and curcumin to support the anticancer activity of cisplatin has also been reported, as well as the ability of devil’s claw root extract to stimulate the CB2 receptors in synoviocytes in osteoarthritis patients. The anti-oxidant effect of marine phytoplankton has been studied on muscle damage, both in humans and in an animal model, and the effects of the metabolite of antocianin were analyzed in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Finally, reviews on the use of lactoferrin, ω3 and ω6 and abscisic acid have been reported, in addition to the crosstalk between prostate cancer and microbiota inflammation. Although it is not yet possible to draw definitive conclusions on the use of nutraceuticals, several mechanisms of action for many of them have been further clarified.

fertility --- ingredients --- male reproduction --- semen parameters --- supplements --- allithiamine --- garlic --- hyperglycaemia --- advanced glycation end-products --- cytokines --- abscisic acid --- prediabetes --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- metabolic syndrome --- insulin resistance --- adipocyte browning --- AMP-activated protein kinase --- food supplement --- frambinone --- meal frequency --- open-field test --- elevated plus maze --- sensory motor gating --- pre-pulse inhibition --- c-Fos --- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis --- anti-inflammatory --- antioxidant --- phenolic acid --- neuroprotective --- neurodegeneration --- obesity --- overweight --- beta-glucans --- chitosan --- follow up study --- weight loss programs --- weight gain --- weight loss --- body weight changes --- phytoplankton --- antioxidants --- muscle damage --- muscle recovery --- muscle soreness --- Viburnum opulus --- phenolic compounds --- adipogenesis --- PPARγ --- lipase inhibition --- green tea --- epigallocatechin --- lipid profile --- high-fat diet --- fast food --- osteoarthritis --- nutraceuticals --- polyphenols --- volatile compounds --- β-caryophyllene --- eugenol --- FAAH --- cannabinoid receptors --- phospholipases --- lactoferrin --- bovine milk --- nutraceutical --- human health --- resveratrol --- curcumin --- cisplatin --- head and neck cancer --- cell cycle --- apoptosis --- prostate cancer --- microbiota --- nutraceutical compounds --- fecundation --- inflammation --- cytokine --- growth factors --- metabolomics --- lipidomics --- ω-3PUFAs --- ω-6PUFAs --- endocannabinoids --- CRC --- fatty acids --- Gymnema inodorum --- gymnemic acid --- Mikania micrantha --- anti-hypercholesterolemia --- steatosis --- olive leaf --- macrophages

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The concept of mechanism in biology has three distinct meanings. It may refer to a philosophical thesis about the nature of life and biology, to the internal workings of a machine-like structure, or to the causal explanation of a particular phenomenon. In this Special Issue, we try to discuss these possible biological mechanisms that underlie the beneficial effects of physical fitness and sports performance, as well their importance and role/influences on physical health.Despite the significant body of knowledge regarding the physiological and physical effects of different training methods (based on dimensions of load), some of the biological causes for those changes are still unknown. Additionally, few studies have focused on the natural biological variability in humans and how specific properties of humans may justify different effects for the same training intervention. Thus, more original research is needed to provide plausible biological mechanisms that may explain the physiological and physical effects of exercise and training in humans.In this Special Issue, we gather the contributions that describe and list the links between physical fitness, sports performance, and human biology.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- body composition --- BIVA --- fat mass --- weight loss --- HRQoL --- knowledge --- physical activity --- rheumatic diseases --- women --- 25(OH)D --- physiology of performances --- puberty --- pre-planned agility --- non-planned agility --- Paralympic Powerlifting --- ibuprofen --- muscle strength --- oxidative stress --- recovery of function --- satellite cells --- muscle regeneration --- myogenic regulatory factors --- inflammation --- exercise --- age --- athletic performance --- rowing --- sport --- young athlete --- mathematical model --- executive functions --- cognitive performance --- youth --- physical education --- BIA --- coronavirus disease --- detraining --- football --- muscle mass --- team sports --- soccer --- high-intensity --- small-sided games --- psychophysiological responses --- combined training --- cycling --- endurance --- oxygen uptake --- FTP --- threshold --- power --- strength --- muscular activity --- electromyography --- core endurance test --- muscular performance --- erythropoietin --- erythroferrone --- mental health --- sports --- spinal cord injury --- resistance training --- muscle damage --- acid–base balance --- kickboxing --- metabolic acidosis --- type 2 diabetes --- physical exercise --- high-intensity interval training --- cardiac autonomic modulation --- heart rate recovery --- heart rate variability --- aerobic training --- health --- triathlon --- performance --- ergogenic aids --- muscle fatigue --- recovery --- hormones --- antioxidant --- body fat --- IgA --- immunomodulation --- nutritional supplement --- obesity --- vibrating exercise equipment --- chronic low back pain --- surface electromyography --- biological mechanisms --- physical health --- sports and exercise physiology --- glucagon-like peptide-1 --- glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide --- dry land training --- one repetition maximum --- back squat --- water parachute --- aquatic training --- swimming performance --- hypoxic dose --- muscular endurance --- sex difference --- flanker --- adolescent --- Tabata training --- blood pressure --- cardiorespiratory fitness --- physical education lessons --- log-linear analysis --- multivariate correspondence analysis --- load --- heart rate --- high-speed running --- monotony --- muscle soreness --- sprint --- sleep --- strain --- stress --- tumour --- depression --- cancer survivorship --- cardiovascular fitness --- aerobic capacity --- skin surface temperature --- high-intensity exercise --- thermal imaging --- acute exercise --- hormonal response --- saliva --- strength training --- lean body mass --- kinanthropometry --- n/a --- acid-base balance

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Creatine plays a critical role in cellular metabolism, primarily by binding with phosphate to form phosphocreatine (PCr) as well as shuttling high-energy phosphate compounds in and out of the mitochondria for metabolism. Increasing the dietary availability of creatine increases the tissue and cellular availability of PCr, and thereby enhances the ability to maintain high-energy states during intense exercise. For this reason, creatine monohydrate has been extensively studied as an ergogenic aid for exercise, training, and sport. Limitations in the ability to synthesize creatine and transport and/or store dietary creatine can impair metabolism and is a contributor to several disease states. Additionally, creatine provides an important source of energy during metabolically stressed states, particularly when oxygen availability is limited. Thus, researchers have assessed the role of creatine supplementation on health throughout the lifespan, as well as whether creatine availability may improve disease management and/or therapeutic outcomes. This book provides a comprehensive overview of scientific and medical evidence related to creatine's role in metabolism, health throughout the lifespan, and our current understanding of how creatine can promote brain, heart, vascular and immune health; reduce the severity of musculoskeletal and brain injury; and may provide therapeutic benefits in glucose management and diabetes, cancer therapy, inflammatory bowel disease, and post-viral fatigue.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Food & society --- ergogenic aids --- cellular metabolism --- phosphagens --- sarcopenia --- cognition --- diabetes --- creatine synthesis deficiencies --- concussion --- traumatic brain injury --- spinal cord injury --- muscle atrophy --- rehabilitation --- pregnancy --- immunity --- anti-inflammatory --- antioxidant --- anticancer --- creatine --- nutritional supplements --- fertility --- newborn --- development --- brain injury --- post-viral fatigue syndrome --- chronic fatigue syndrome --- GAA --- creatine kinase --- dietary supplements --- exercise --- skeletal muscle --- glycemic control --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- phosphorylcreatine --- dietary supplement --- ergogenic aid --- youth --- athletes --- osteoporosis --- osteosarcopenia --- frailty --- cachexia --- innate immunity --- adaptive immunity --- inflammation --- macrophage polarization --- cytotoxic T cells --- toll-like receptors --- vascular pathology --- cardiovascular disease --- oxidative stress --- vascular health --- female --- menstrual cycle --- hormones --- exercise performance --- menopause --- mood --- children --- height --- BMI-for-age --- stature-for-age --- growth --- phosphocreatine --- creatine transporter --- supplementation --- treatment --- heart --- heart failure --- ischemia --- myocardial infarction --- anthracycline --- cardiac toxicity --- energy metabolism --- cell survival --- bioinformatics --- systems biology --- cellular allostasis --- dynamic biosensor --- pleiotropic effects of creatine (Cr) supplementation --- inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) --- ulcerative colitis --- Crohn’s disease --- creatine kinase (CK) --- phosphocreatine (PCr) --- creatine transporter (CrT) --- intestinal epithelial cell protection --- intestinal tissue protection --- creatine perfusion --- organ transplantation --- Adenosine mono-phosphate (AMP) --- activated protein kinase (AMPK) --- liver kinase B1 (LKB1) --- mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- glucose transporter (GLUT) --- T cell antitumor immunity --- metabolic regulator --- cancer immunotherapy --- supplements --- muscle damage --- recovery --- immobilization --- atrophy --- muscular dystrophy --- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis --- Parkinson’s Disease --- cardiopulmonary disease --- mitochondrial cytopathy --- hypertrophy --- athletic performance --- weightlifting --- resistance exercise --- training --- muscular power --- muscular adaptation --- muscle fatigue --- adipose tissue --- muscle strength --- physiological adaptation --- mitochondria --- thermogenesis --- MAP kinase signaling system --- sodium-chloride-dependent neurotransmitter symporters --- signal transduction --- intradialytic creatine supplementation --- hemodialysis --- muscle --- protein energy wasting --- clinical trial --- muscle weakness --- chronic fatigue --- cognitive impairment --- depression --- anemia --- resistance training --- sports nutrition --- strength --- toxicity --- methylation --- hyperhomocysteinemia --- neuromodulation --- MCDA --- mitochondriopathia --- cardiac infarction --- long COVID --- hypoxia --- stroke --- neurodegenerative diseases --- noncommunicable disease --- adenosine 5′-monopnophosphate-activated protein kinase --- anthracyclines --- creatine supplementation --- cardiac signaling --- cardiotoxicity --- doxorubicin --- soy --- vegetarian/vegan diet --- amino acids --- dietary ingredients --- performance