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In this Special Issue, one review paper highlights the necessity of multiscale CFD, coupling micro- and macro-scales, for exchanging information at the interface of the two scales. Four research papers investigate the hydrodynamics, heat transfer, and chemical reactions of various processes using Eulerian CFD modeling. CFD models are attractive for industrial applications. However, substantial efforts in physical modeling and numerical implementation are still required before their widespread implementation.

History of engineering & technology --- computational fluid dynamics (CFD) --- Eulerian continuum fluid --- volume of fluid (VOF) --- multiscale simulation --- multiphase flow --- multiphysics --- chemical and biological processes --- circulating fluidized bed riser --- computational fluid dynamics --- eulerian–eulerian --- drag models --- 2D simulation --- multi-tubular reactor --- oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) --- reactor design --- butadiene --- multiscale modeling --- liquid plunging jet --- waste water treatment --- VOF --- void fraction --- air entrainment --- conjugate heat transfer --- open-cell foams --- structured reactors --- volumetric heat sources --- fluid properties --- STAR-CCM+ --- dynamic operation

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In this Special Issue, one review paper highlights the necessity of multiscale CFD, coupling micro- and macro-scales, for exchanging information at the interface of the two scales. Four research papers investigate the hydrodynamics, heat transfer, and chemical reactions of various processes using Eulerian CFD modeling. CFD models are attractive for industrial applications. However, substantial efforts in physical modeling and numerical implementation are still required before their widespread implementation.

computational fluid dynamics (CFD) --- Eulerian continuum fluid --- volume of fluid (VOF) --- multiscale simulation --- multiphase flow --- multiphysics --- chemical and biological processes --- circulating fluidized bed riser --- computational fluid dynamics --- eulerian–eulerian --- drag models --- 2D simulation --- multi-tubular reactor --- oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) --- reactor design --- butadiene --- multiscale modeling --- liquid plunging jet --- waste water treatment --- VOF --- void fraction --- air entrainment --- conjugate heat transfer --- open-cell foams --- structured reactors --- volumetric heat sources --- fluid properties --- STAR-CCM+ --- dynamic operation

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The Special Issue ‘Physical Metallurgy of High Manganese Steels’ addresses the highly fascinating class of manganese-alloyed steels with manganese contents well above 3 mass%. The book gathers manuscripts from internationally recognized researchers with stimulating new ideas and original results. It consists of fifteen original research papers. Seven contributions focus on steels with manganese contents above 12 mass%. These contributions cover fundamental aspects of process-microstrcuture-properties relationships with processes ranging from cold and warm rolling over deep rolling to heat treatment. Novel findings regarding the fatigue and fracture behavior, deformation mechanisms, and computer-aided design are presented. Additionally, the Special Issue also reflects the current trend of reduced Mn content (3-12 mass%) in advanced high strength steels (AHSS). Eight contributions were dedicated to these alloys, which are often referred to as 3rd generation AHSS, medium manganese steels or quenching and partitioning (Q&P/Q+P) steels. The interplay between advanced processing, mainly novel annealing variants, and microstructure evolution has been addressed using computational and experimental approaches. A deeper understanding of strain-rate sensitivity, hydrogen embrittlement, phase transformations, and the consequences for the materials’ properties has been developed. Hence, the topics included are manifold, fundamental-science oriented and, at the same time, relevant to industrial application.

n/a --- TRIP --- microstructure --- medium-manganese steel --- dislocation density --- V alloying --- ultrafine grains --- intercritical annealing --- medium manganese steel --- fracture --- precipitations --- twinning induced plasticity --- deformation behavior --- fatigue --- austenite-reversed-transformation --- medium-manganese --- Lüders band --- medium-Mn steel --- fatigue behavior --- alloy design --- austenitic high nitrogen steel (HNS) --- high-entropy alloys --- mechanical properties --- retained austenite --- high-manganese steel --- localized deformation --- phase transformation --- austenite stability --- processing --- strain-hardening behavior --- TWIP steel --- recrystallization annealing --- damage --- strengthening --- cold rolling --- ultrafine-grained microstructure --- serrated flow --- multiscale simulation --- deformation twinning --- annealing --- high-Mn steels --- corrosion resistance --- TWIP --- quenching and partitioning --- high manganese steel --- lightweight --- residual stresses --- in-situ DIC tensile tests --- crash box --- deep rolling --- high strength steel --- plastic deformation --- MMn steel X20CrNiMnVN18-5-10 --- neutron diffraction --- phase field simulation --- dynamic strain aging --- cold deformation --- near surface properties --- P steel --- continuous annealing --- texture --- hydrogen embrittlement --- hot-stamping --- warm rolling --- strain-rate sensitivity --- austenite reversion --- D&amp --- forging --- high-manganese steels --- grain refinement --- double soaking

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The analysis of polymer processing operations is a wide and complex subject; during polymer processing, viscoelastic fluids are forced to deform into desired geometries using non-homogeneous velocity and temperature fields down to solidification. The objective of analysis is the identification of processing conditions, which are finalized in the optimization of product final properties, which, in turn, are determined by the final part morphology. Depending on the operating conditions, the properties of the final part can change more than one order of magnitude. Properties of interest include the mechanical, optical, barrier, permeability, and biodegradability, and any other property of practical relevance including the characteristics of the surfaces as its finishing and wettability, which are connected to one another. The scope of this Special Issue is to select progress in or reviews of the understanding/description of the phenomena involved along the chain of processing–morphology–properties. Along this virtual chain, modeling may be a useful approach, and within the objective of understanding fundamental aspects, it may also be relevant to compare selected characteristics of the process and the material with the characteristics of the resulting morphology and then with the properties of the final part. This approach suggests the title: “Polymer Processing: Modeling and Correlations Finalized to Tailoring the Plastic Part Morphology and Properties”.

History of engineering & technology --- “skin-core-skin” structure --- flow-induced crystallization --- multiscale simulation --- crystal morphology --- additive manufacturing --- fused filament fabrication --- material extrusion --- 3D-printing --- highly-filled polymers --- metals and ceramics --- cellulose insulation pressboard --- magnetron sputtering --- polytetrafluoroethylene --- nano structure --- breakdown --- hydrophobicity --- replication --- microfeature --- nanofeature --- injection molding --- polylactic acid --- mold temperature --- epoxy --- natural fiber composites --- silk fibers --- extrusion --- four-screw extruder --- finite-time Lyapunov exponents (FTLE) --- Poincaré section --- chaotic manifold --- uniaxial/biaxial stretching --- retardation --- birefringence --- molecular orientation --- stress-optical rule --- polymeric stent --- residual stress --- warpage --- kriging surrogate model --- design optimization --- morphology --- cylindrites --- numerical simulation --- morphology prediction --- shear layer --- twin screw extruder --- simulation --- residence time distribution --- PP/TiO2 nanocomposites --- conversion --- laser-assisted thermal imprinting --- pressure --- pattern size --- thermoplastic polymer --- microlens array --- microinjection molding --- film stretching --- composite laminates

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The analysis of polymer processing operations is a wide and complex subject; during polymer processing, viscoelastic fluids are forced to deform into desired geometries using non-homogeneous velocity and temperature fields down to solidification. The objective of analysis is the identification of processing conditions, which are finalized in the optimization of product final properties, which, in turn, are determined by the final part morphology. Depending on the operating conditions, the properties of the final part can change more than one order of magnitude. Properties of interest include the mechanical, optical, barrier, permeability, and biodegradability, and any other property of practical relevance including the characteristics of the surfaces as its finishing and wettability, which are connected to one another. The scope of this Special Issue is to select progress in or reviews of the understanding/description of the phenomena involved along the chain of processing–morphology–properties. Along this virtual chain, modeling may be a useful approach, and within the objective of understanding fundamental aspects, it may also be relevant to compare selected characteristics of the process and the material with the characteristics of the resulting morphology and then with the properties of the final part. This approach suggests the title: “Polymer Processing: Modeling and Correlations Finalized to Tailoring the Plastic Part Morphology and Properties”.

History of engineering & technology --- “skin-core-skin” structure --- flow-induced crystallization --- multiscale simulation --- crystal morphology --- additive manufacturing --- fused filament fabrication --- material extrusion --- 3D-printing --- highly-filled polymers --- metals and ceramics --- cellulose insulation pressboard --- magnetron sputtering --- polytetrafluoroethylene --- nano structure --- breakdown --- hydrophobicity --- replication --- microfeature --- nanofeature --- injection molding --- polylactic acid --- mold temperature --- epoxy --- natural fiber composites --- silk fibers --- extrusion --- four-screw extruder --- finite-time Lyapunov exponents (FTLE) --- Poincaré section --- chaotic manifold --- uniaxial/biaxial stretching --- retardation --- birefringence --- molecular orientation --- stress-optical rule --- polymeric stent --- residual stress --- warpage --- kriging surrogate model --- design optimization --- morphology --- cylindrites --- numerical simulation --- morphology prediction --- shear layer --- twin screw extruder --- simulation --- residence time distribution --- PP/TiO2 nanocomposites --- conversion --- laser-assisted thermal imprinting --- pressure --- pattern size --- thermoplastic polymer --- microlens array --- microinjection molding --- film stretching --- composite laminates