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Today, the food and water that we encounter in any part of the world could contain antibiotic residues and/or antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This book presents research evidence for this and also a potential way to mitigate the problem. Although not presented in this book, it is likely that this situation exists for all other types of antimicrobial agents as well, including antivirals, antifungals, and antiprotozoal agents. The presence of antibiotic residues and/or antibiotic-resistant bacteria contributes to the generation and propagation of resistance in disease-causing pathogens in humans and animals. Therefore, the medicines that we use to treat and/or prevent infections will not work as expected in many cases. It is estimated that if we do not contain antimicrobial resistance urgently, by 2050, up to 10 million people will die due to bacterial infectious diseases, such as pneumonia, skin infections, urinary tract infections, etc., which were once easily treatable. However, this book presents a system that can eliminate resistant bacteria and antibiotics from the environment, with the potential to work on other environmental microbes and antimicrobials. This book opens pathways for academics and scientists to do further research on antimicrobials and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in various environmental areas and also presents evidence for policymakers to take further action and make the general public aware of the current situation in this context.

Research & information: general --- antibiotic resistance --- community --- environment --- India --- coliforms --- commensal --- antibiotic resistance genes --- blaCTX-M --- blaTEM --- qepA --- hospital wastewater --- core-shell --- disinfection --- Escherichia coli --- nanoparticles --- pathogens --- silver --- solar-photocatalysis --- Staphylococcus aureus --- water --- zinc oxide --- S. aureus --- beaches --- multiple-antibiotic resistance --- ramA --- efflux pump --- multilocus sequence typing --- surface water --- antibiotics --- pakchoi --- endophytic bacteria --- antibiotic-resistant genes --- hydroponic cultivation --- Campylobacter --- poultry --- antibiotic susceptibility --- Rep-PCR --- cdt toxin --- Acinetobacter --- JDS3 --- river --- carbapenemases --- antimicrobial resistance --- genotypes --- non-typhoidal Salmonella --- genes --- integrons --- subtyping --- ESBL --- MRSA --- VRE --- sewage sludge --- PER-1 --- pathogenic E. coli --- harvested rainwater --- public health --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- alternative water source --- farmer --- veterinary antibiotics use --- knowledge --- behavior probability model --- China --- antibiotics residue --- food animals --- bacteria --- Nigeria --- E. coli --- antibiotic-resistance gene --- MARI --- MARP --- multidrug resistance --- flooring design --- Turkey --- antibacterial resistance --- enrofloxacin --- commensal E. coli --- ESBL-producing E. coli --- β-lactamase genes --- insertion sequences --- antibiotic residues --- aquatic environment --- ciprofloxacin --- Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles --- photocatalysis --- sunlight --- ceragenin --- multidrug-resistant bacteria --- biofilm --- antimicrobial peptides --- colistin --- n/a

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• Reference Manager
• EndNote
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Today, the food and water that we encounter in any part of the world could contain antibiotic residues and/or antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This book presents research evidence for this and also a potential way to mitigate the problem. Although not presented in this book, it is likely that this situation exists for all other types of antimicrobial agents as well, including antivirals, antifungals, and antiprotozoal agents. The presence of antibiotic residues and/or antibiotic-resistant bacteria contributes to the generation and propagation of resistance in disease-causing pathogens in humans and animals. Therefore, the medicines that we use to treat and/or prevent infections will not work as expected in many cases. It is estimated that if we do not contain antimicrobial resistance urgently, by 2050, up to 10 million people will die due to bacterial infectious diseases, such as pneumonia, skin infections, urinary tract infections, etc., which were once easily treatable. However, this book presents a system that can eliminate resistant bacteria and antibiotics from the environment, with the potential to work on other environmental microbes and antimicrobials. This book opens pathways for academics and scientists to do further research on antimicrobials and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in various environmental areas and also presents evidence for policymakers to take further action and make the general public aware of the current situation in this context.

Research & information: general --- antibiotic resistance --- community --- environment --- India --- coliforms --- commensal --- antibiotic resistance genes --- blaCTX-M --- blaTEM --- qepA --- hospital wastewater --- core-shell --- disinfection --- Escherichia coli --- nanoparticles --- pathogens --- silver --- solar-photocatalysis --- Staphylococcus aureus --- water --- zinc oxide --- S. aureus --- beaches --- multiple-antibiotic resistance --- ramA --- efflux pump --- multilocus sequence typing --- surface water --- antibiotics --- pakchoi --- endophytic bacteria --- antibiotic-resistant genes --- hydroponic cultivation --- Campylobacter --- poultry --- antibiotic susceptibility --- Rep-PCR --- cdt toxin --- Acinetobacter --- JDS3 --- river --- carbapenemases --- antimicrobial resistance --- genotypes --- non-typhoidal Salmonella --- genes --- integrons --- subtyping --- ESBL --- MRSA --- VRE --- sewage sludge --- PER-1 --- pathogenic E. coli --- harvested rainwater --- public health --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- alternative water source --- farmer --- veterinary antibiotics use --- knowledge --- behavior probability model --- China --- antibiotics residue --- food animals --- bacteria --- Nigeria --- E. coli --- antibiotic-resistance gene --- MARI --- MARP --- multidrug resistance --- flooring design --- Turkey --- antibacterial resistance --- enrofloxacin --- commensal E. coli --- ESBL-producing E. coli --- β-lactamase genes --- insertion sequences --- antibiotic residues --- aquatic environment --- ciprofloxacin --- Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles --- photocatalysis --- sunlight --- ceragenin --- multidrug-resistant bacteria --- biofilm --- antimicrobial peptides --- colistin --- antibiotic resistance --- community --- environment --- India --- coliforms --- commensal --- antibiotic resistance genes --- blaCTX-M --- blaTEM --- qepA --- hospital wastewater --- core-shell --- disinfection --- Escherichia coli --- nanoparticles --- pathogens --- silver --- solar-photocatalysis --- Staphylococcus aureus --- water --- zinc oxide --- S. aureus --- beaches --- multiple-antibiotic resistance --- ramA --- efflux pump --- multilocus sequence typing --- surface water --- antibiotics --- pakchoi --- endophytic bacteria --- antibiotic-resistant genes --- hydroponic cultivation --- Campylobacter --- poultry --- antibiotic susceptibility --- Rep-PCR --- cdt toxin --- Acinetobacter --- JDS3 --- river --- carbapenemases --- antimicrobial resistance --- genotypes --- non-typhoidal Salmonella --- genes --- integrons --- subtyping --- ESBL --- MRSA --- VRE --- sewage sludge --- PER-1 --- pathogenic E. coli --- harvested rainwater --- public health --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- alternative water source --- farmer --- veterinary antibiotics use --- knowledge --- behavior probability model --- China --- antibiotics residue --- food animals --- bacteria --- Nigeria --- E. coli --- antibiotic-resistance gene --- MARI --- MARP --- multidrug resistance --- flooring design --- Turkey --- antibacterial resistance --- enrofloxacin --- commensal E. coli --- ESBL-producing E. coli --- β-lactamase genes --- insertion sequences --- antibiotic residues --- aquatic environment --- ciprofloxacin --- Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles --- photocatalysis --- sunlight --- ceragenin --- multidrug-resistant bacteria --- biofilm --- antimicrobial peptides --- colistin

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There is talk of an upcoming antibiotic armageddon, with untreatable post-operative infections, and similarly untreatable complications after chemotherapy. Indeed, the now famous “O’Neill Report” (https://amr-review.org/) suggests that, by 2050, more people might die from antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections than from cancer. While we are still learning all the subtle drivers of antibiotic resistance, it seems increasingly clear that we need to take a “one health” approach, curtailing the use of antibiotics in both human and veterinary medicine. However, there are no new classes of antibiotics on our horizon. Maybe something that has been around “forever” can come to our rescue—bacteriophages! Nevertheless, it is also necessary to do things differently, and use these new antimicrobials appropriately. Therefore, an in-depth study of bacteriophage biology and case-by-case applications might be required. Whilst by no means comprehensive, this book does cover some of the many topics related to bacteriophages as antimicrobials, including their use in human therapy and aquaculture. It also explores the potential use of phage endolysins as substitutes of antibiotics in two sectors where there is an urgent need—human therapy and the agro-food industry. Last but not least, there is an excellent perspective article on phage therapy implementation.

bacteriophages --- dairy industry --- pathogens --- lactic acid bacteria --- fermentation failure --- biofilms --- antimicrobial resistance --- antimicrobials --- lysins --- horizontal gene transfer, transduction --- biofilm --- phage therapy --- resistance --- bacteriophage --- models --- agent based --- mass action --- bacterial phage resistance --- regression modeling --- MRSA --- Clostridium difficile --- Clostridium difficile infection --- microbiome --- in vitro fermentation model --- marine vibrios --- biological control --- aquaculture --- interactions --- vibriosis --- Aeromonas hydrophila --- Motile Aeromonas Septicemia --- MAS --- multiple-antibiotic-resistance --- striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) --- endolysin --- antibiotics --- one health --- protein engineering --- Aeromonas salmonicida --- furunculosis --- phage-resistant mutants --- proteins --- infrared spectroscopy --- lysin --- lytic enzyme --- peptidoglycan hydrolase --- antimicrobial --- antibacterial --- antibiotic resistance --- bacteriophage therapy --- Nagoya Protocol --- CRISPR CAS --- phage isolation --- phage resistance --- Staphylococcus --- Kayvirus --- Vibrio anguillarum --- fish larvae --- challenge trials --- phage display --- enzybiotics --- Bacteriophages --- diabetic foot ulcer --- osteomyelitis --- Staphylococcus aureus --- Antibiotic-resistant bacteria --- lysogenic conversion --- prophage induction --- read recruitment --- shiga toxin --- American Foulbrood --- phage --- Paenibacillus larvae --- Brevibacillus laterosporus --- treatment --- safety --- bystander phage therapy --- Mycobacterium smegmatis --- mycobacteriophages --- directed evolution --- PlyC CHAP --- protein net charge --- CBD-independent --- FoldX --- STEC-specific bacteriophage --- whole genome sequencing --- STEC O145 strains --- antimicrobial agent --- Pseudomonas aeruginosa --- dual-species --- antibiotic --- synergy --- simultaneous --- sequential --- microbiome therapy --- evolution