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This book constitutes a holistic study of how and why late starters surpass early starters in comparable instructional settings. Combining advanced quantitative methods with individual-level qualitative data, it examines the role of age of onset in the context of the Swiss multilingual educational system and focuses on performance at the beginning and end of secondary school, thereby offering a long-term view of the teenage experience of foreign language learning. The study scrutinised factors that seem to prevent young starters from profiting from their extended learning period and investigated the mechanisms that enable late beginners to catch up with early beginners relatively quickly. Taking account of contextual factors, individual socio-affective factors and instructional factors within a single longitudinal study, the book makes a convincing case that age of onset is not only of minimal relevance for many aspects of instructed language acquisition, but that in this context, for a number of reasons, a later onset can be beneficial.

Language acquisition --- Classroom environment. --- Second language acquisition. --- Age factors. --- CLIL. --- L2 instructional learning. --- SLA. --- affective factors. --- age factor. --- age research. --- classroom L2 learning. --- crosslinguistic influence. --- early FL learning . --- foreign language learning. --- individual differences. --- language policies. --- language proficiency. --- literacy. --- multilevel modelling. --- psycholinguistics. --- second language acquisition. --- second language education. --- teenage learners. --- the role of age in language learning. --- young learners. --- younger is better in foreign language learning.

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This open access book is a practical introduction to multilevel modelling or multilevel analysis (MLA) – a statistical technique being increasingly used in public health and health services research. The authors begin with a compelling argument for the importance of researchers in these fields having an understanding of MLA to be able to judge not only the growing body of research that uses it, but also to recognise the limitations of research that did not use it. The volume also guides the analysis of real-life data sets by introducing and discussing the use of the multilevel modelling software MLwiN, the statistical package that is used with the example data sets. Importantly, the book also makes the training material accessible for download – not only the datasets analysed within the book, but also a freeware version of MLwiN to allow readers to work with these datasets. The book’s practical review of MLA comprises: Theoretical, conceptual, and methodological background Statistical background The modelling process and presentation of research Tutorials with example datasets Multilevel Modelling for Public Health and Health Services Research: Health in Context is a practical and timely resource for public health and health services researchers, statisticians interested in the relationships between contexts and behaviour, graduate students across these disciplines, and anyone interested in utilising multilevel modelling or multilevel analysis. “Leyland and Groenewegen’s wealth of teaching experience makes this book and its accompanying tutorials especially useful for a practical introduction to multilevel analysis.” ̶ Juan Merlo, Professor of Social Epidemiology, Lund University “Comprehensive and insightful. A must for anyone interested in the applications of multilevel modelling to population health”. ̶ S. (Subu) V. Subramanian, Professor of Population Health and Geography, Harvard University.

Public health. --- Medical care. --- Sociology—Research. --- Epidemiology. --- Statistics . --- Public Health. --- Health Services Research. --- Research Methodology. --- Statistics for Life Sciences, Medicine, Health Sciences. --- Statistical analysis --- Statistical data --- Statistical methods --- Statistical science --- Mathematics --- Econometrics --- Diseases --- Public health --- Delivery of health care --- Delivery of medical care --- Health care --- Health care delivery --- Health services --- Healthcare --- Medical and health care industry --- Medical services --- Personal health services --- Community health --- Hygiene, Public --- Hygiene, Social --- Public health services --- Public hygiene --- Social hygiene --- Health --- Human services --- Biosecurity --- Health literacy --- Medicine, Preventive --- National health services --- Sanitation --- Public Health --- Health Services Research --- Research Methodology --- Epidemiology --- Statistics for Life Sciences, Medicine, Health Sciences --- Health Sciences --- Sociological Methods --- Statistics in Life Sciences, Medicine, Health Sciences --- MLwiN --- epidemiological methods --- health services research methodology --- multilevel analysis --- multilevel modelling --- statistical methods for public health research --- Open Access --- Public health & preventive medicine --- Health systems & services --- Social research & statistics --- Epidemiology & medical statistics --- Probability & statistics