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During the past five decades, we have witnessed a tremendous evolution in water resource system management. Three characteristics of this evolution are of particular note: First, the application of the systems approach to complex water management problems has been established as one of the most important advances in the field of water resource management. Second, the past five decades have brought a remarkable transformation of attitude in the water resource management community towards environmental concerns and action to address these concerns. Third, applying the principles of sustainability to water resource decision-making requires major changes in the objectives on which decisions are based, and an understanding of the complicated inter-relationships between existing ecological, economic, and social factors. The Special Issue includes 15 contributions that offer insights into contemporary problems, approaches, and issues related to the management of complex water resources systems. It will be presumptuous to say that these 15 contributions characterize the success or failure of the systems approach to support water resources decision-making. However, these contributions offer interesting lessons from current experiences and highlight possible future work.

History of engineering & technology --- system dynamics --- system analysis --- complex water system --- uncertainty assessment --- climate change --- regional climate models --- averaging procedures --- HEC-HMS --- Lim river --- Lim water systems --- artificial recharge --- groundwater --- treated wastewater --- freshwater resources --- water footprint --- water management --- wine production --- winemaking sector --- Italy --- SuDS --- decision-making --- Soft Systems --- ANP --- modelling --- stakeholder --- systems analyses --- water resources --- planning --- management --- implementation --- political processes --- innovation --- impact --- multi-purpose dam --- water resources systems --- performance-based engineering --- simulation --- resilience --- disaster --- risk --- perception --- community --- Canada --- integrated urban watershed management --- group decision-support system --- risk analysis --- group consensus --- Kashafroud watershed --- water policy --- water portfolio planning --- water resources management --- systems assessment --- adaptive capacity --- coupled human-natural systems --- integrated water resources management --- sociohydrology --- modeling perspectives --- agent-based modeling --- differential equations --- uncertainty --- artificial intelligence --- machine learning --- water resource modelling --- multiobjective optimisation --- river abstraction --- reservoir operation --- stochastic dynamic programming --- fuzzy optimization --- reservoir-river system --- water quantity-quality management --- socio-hydrology --- hydro-sociology --- human-water systems --- human-nature systems --- social-ecological systems --- CHANS --- SES --- socio-hydrologic modeling --- IWRM --- hydrology --- multireservoir operations --- optimization --- multi-agent reinforcement learning --- aggregation-decomposition --- neural networks --- systems --- complexity --- system dynamics --- system analysis --- complex water system --- uncertainty assessment --- climate change --- regional climate models --- averaging procedures --- HEC-HMS --- Lim river --- Lim water systems --- artificial recharge --- groundwater --- treated wastewater --- freshwater resources --- water footprint --- water management --- wine production --- winemaking sector --- Italy --- SuDS --- decision-making --- Soft Systems --- ANP --- modelling --- stakeholder --- systems analyses --- water resources --- planning --- management --- implementation --- political processes --- innovation --- impact --- multi-purpose dam --- water resources systems --- performance-based engineering --- simulation --- resilience --- disaster --- risk --- perception --- community --- Canada --- integrated urban watershed management --- group decision-support system --- risk analysis --- group consensus --- Kashafroud watershed --- water policy --- water portfolio planning --- water resources management --- systems assessment --- adaptive capacity --- coupled human-natural systems --- integrated water resources management --- sociohydrology --- modeling perspectives --- agent-based modeling --- differential equations --- uncertainty --- artificial intelligence --- machine learning --- water resource modelling --- multiobjective optimisation --- river abstraction --- reservoir operation --- stochastic dynamic programming --- fuzzy optimization --- reservoir-river system --- water quantity-quality management --- socio-hydrology --- hydro-sociology --- human-water systems --- human-nature systems --- social-ecological systems --- CHANS --- SES --- socio-hydrologic modeling --- IWRM --- hydrology --- multireservoir operations --- optimization --- multi-agent reinforcement learning --- aggregation-decomposition --- neural networks --- systems --- complexity

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• Reference Manager
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During the past five decades, we have witnessed a tremendous evolution in water resource system management. Three characteristics of this evolution are of particular note: First, the application of the systems approach to complex water management problems has been established as one of the most important advances in the field of water resource management. Second, the past five decades have brought a remarkable transformation of attitude in the water resource management community towards environmental concerns and action to address these concerns. Third, applying the principles of sustainability to water resource decision-making requires major changes in the objectives on which decisions are based, and an understanding of the complicated inter-relationships between existing ecological, economic, and social factors. The Special Issue includes 15 contributions that offer insights into contemporary problems, approaches, and issues related to the management of complex water resources systems. It will be presumptuous to say that these 15 contributions characterize the success or failure of the systems approach to support water resources decision-making. However, these contributions offer interesting lessons from current experiences and highlight possible future work.

system dynamics --- system analysis --- complex water system --- uncertainty assessment --- climate change --- regional climate models --- averaging procedures --- HEC-HMS --- Lim river --- Lim water systems --- n/a --- artificial recharge --- groundwater --- treated wastewater --- freshwater resources --- water footprint --- water management --- wine production --- winemaking sector --- Italy --- SuDS --- decision-making --- Soft Systems --- ANP --- modelling --- stakeholder --- systems analyses --- water resources --- planning --- management --- implementation --- political processes --- innovation --- impact --- multi-purpose dam --- water resources systems --- performance-based engineering --- simulation --- resilience --- disaster --- risk --- perception --- community --- Canada --- integrated urban watershed management --- group decision-support system --- risk analysis --- group consensus --- Kashafroud watershed --- water policy --- water portfolio planning --- water resources management --- systems assessment --- adaptive capacity --- coupled human–natural systems --- integrated water resources management --- sociohydrology --- modeling perspectives --- agent-based modeling --- differential equations --- uncertainty --- artificial intelligence --- machine learning --- water resource modelling --- multiobjective optimisation --- river abstraction --- reservoir operation --- stochastic dynamic programming --- fuzzy optimization --- reservoir-river system --- water quantity-quality management --- socio-hydrology --- hydro-sociology --- human-water systems --- human-nature systems --- social-ecological systems --- CHANS --- SES --- socio-hydrologic modeling --- IWRM --- hydrology --- multireservoir operations --- optimization --- multi-agent reinforcement learning --- aggregation–decomposition --- neural networks --- systems --- complexity --- coupled human-natural systems --- aggregation-decomposition

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This Special Issue highlights the most recent research being carried out in the NLP field to discuss relative open issues, with a particular focus on both emerging approaches for language learning, understanding, production, and grounding interactively or autonomously from data in cognitive and neural systems, as well as on their potential or real applications in different domains.

tourism big data --- text mining --- NLP --- deep learning --- clinical named entity recognition --- information extraction --- multitask model --- long short-term memory --- conditional random field --- relation extraction --- entity recognition --- long short-term memory network --- multi-turn chatbot --- dialogue context encoding --- WGAN-based response generation --- BERT word embedding --- text summary --- reinforce learning --- FAQ classification --- encoder-decoder neural network --- multi-level word embeddings --- BERT --- bidirectional RNN --- cloze test --- Korean dataset --- machine comprehension --- neural language model --- sentence completion --- primary healthcare --- chief complaint --- virtual medical assistant --- spoken natural language --- disease diagnosis --- medical specialist --- protein–protein interactions --- deep learning (DL) --- convolutional neural networks (CNN) --- bidirectional long short-term memory (bidirectional LSTM) --- dialogue management --- user simulation --- reward shaping --- conversation knowledge --- multi-agent reinforcement learning --- language modeling --- classification --- error probability --- error assessment --- logic error --- neural network --- LSTM --- attention mechanism --- programming education --- neural architecture search --- word ordering --- Korean syntax --- adversarial attack --- adversarial example --- sentiment classification --- dual pointer network --- context-to-entity attention --- text classification --- rule-based --- word embedding --- Doc2vec --- paraphrase identification --- encodings --- R-GCNs --- contextual features --- sentence retrieval --- TF−ISF --- BM25 --- partial match --- sequence similarity --- word to vector --- word embeddings --- antonymy detection --- polarity --- text normalization --- natural language processing --- deep neural networks --- causal encoder --- question classification --- multilingual --- convolutional neural networks --- Natural Language Processing (NLP) --- transfer learning --- open information extraction --- recurrent neural networks --- bilingual translation --- speech-to-text --- LaTeX decompilation --- word representation learning --- word2vec --- sememes --- structural information --- sentiment analysis --- zero-shot learning --- news analysis --- cross-lingual classification --- multilingual transformers --- knowledge base --- commonsense --- sememe prediction --- attention model --- ontologies --- fixing ontologies --- quick fix --- quality metrics --- online social networks --- rumor detection --- Cantonese --- XGA model --- delayed combination --- CNN dictionary --- named entity recognition --- deep learning NER --- bidirectional LSTM CRF --- CoNLL --- OntoNotes --- toxic comments --- neural networks --- n/a --- protein-protein interactions