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This book provides insights into waste management practices in developing countries, and the application of research and innovation in finding appropriate solutions to improved waste management. The chapters have been selected with a focus on organic waste beneficiation, a significant waste stream in developing countries; the role of government and associated policy interventions; citizen behaviour in support of greater waste recycling; and the safe management of hazardous waste, particularly healthcare risk waste.

briquettes --- ash --- nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium --- heavy metals --- microwave --- inactivation --- disinfection --- biohazardous waste --- healthcare waste --- sludge --- carbon footprint --- developing countries --- bottom ash --- hazardous waste --- kinetic release --- potential mobility --- trace elements --- waste management --- recycling --- intentions --- youth --- India --- theory of planned behaviour --- recycling cooperatives --- recyclable waste pickers --- national solid waste policy --- Brazil --- quantitative survey --- empirical study --- developing country --- household recycling behavior --- reasons --- barriers --- recycling behavior --- Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) --- Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) --- South Africa --- municipal solid waste --- sustainable technology --- reuse --- waste to wealth --- AHP --- sustainability assessment --- scenario ranking --- reverse logistics --- used cooking oil --- selective collection --- school --- environmental education --- healthcare workers --- health sector --- scoping review --- WHO --- decision support system --- multi criteria decision analysis (MCDA), organic waste treatment --- market waste --- biodegradable waste --- solid waste management --- environmental pollution --- agricultural waste --- cassava waste --- biogas generation --- public-private partnership

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This book presents the paper form of the Special Issue (SI) on Smart Urban Water Networks. The number and topics of the papers in the SI confirm the growing interest of operators and researchers for the new paradigm of smart networks, as part of the more general smart city. The SI showed that digital information and communication technology (ICT), with the implementation of smart meters and other digital devices, can significantly improve the modelling and the management of urban water networks, contributing to a radical transformation of the traditional paradigm of water utilities. The paper collection in this SI includes different crucial topics such as the reliability, resilience, and performance of water networks, innovative demand management, and the novel challenge of real-time control and operation, along with their implications for cyber-security. The SI collected fourteen papers that provide a wide perspective of solutions, trends, and challenges in the contest of smart urban water networks. Some solutions have already been implemented in pilot sites (i.e., for water network partitioning, cyber-security, and water demand disaggregation and forecasting), while further investigations are required for other methods, e.g., the data-driven approaches for real time control. In all cases, a new deal between academia, industry, and governments must be embraced to start the new era of smart urban water systems.

Technology: general issues --- hydraulic modelling --- pressure control valve --- pressure management --- remote real-time control --- stochastic consumption --- water distribution system --- fault identification --- hydraulic transient --- inverse transient analysis (ITA) --- water distribution network --- optimization approach --- water distribution monitoring --- optimal sensor placement --- water network partitioning --- topological centrality --- smart water system --- framework --- smartness --- cyber wellness --- leakage --- sensitivity --- uncertainty --- entropy --- multi-criteria decision-making --- DEMATEL --- clustering --- district metered area --- network sectorization --- smart city --- water quality monitoring --- Internet of Things --- wireless sensor networks --- water treatment plant --- data analytics --- nitrate --- nitrite --- water demand forecasting --- hybrid model --- error correction --- chaotic time series --- least square support vector machine --- cross-correlation --- data spatial aggregation --- finite population effect --- metering --- sample mean --- sampling design --- standard error --- stochastic analysis --- water demand peak factor --- water distribution networks --- comparative analysis --- hydraulic measure --- multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) --- reliability index --- water distribution network (WDN) --- smart stormwater --- machine learning --- cluster analysis --- data science --- flooding detection --- rainwater harvesting --- water trading --- dual reticulation --- decentralized water supply --- agent-based modeling --- urban water management --- urban water consumption --- water demand data --- water data accessibility --- data resolution --- smart meter --- smart water systems --- cyber–physical security --- cyber-security --- cyber–physical attacks --- n/a --- water distribution systems --- cyber-attack detection --- blind sources separation --- FastICA --- cyber-physical security --- cyber-physical attacks

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This book presents the paper form of the Special Issue (SI) on Smart Urban Water Networks. The number and topics of the papers in the SI confirm the growing interest of operators and researchers for the new paradigm of smart networks, as part of the more general smart city. The SI showed that digital information and communication technology (ICT), with the implementation of smart meters and other digital devices, can significantly improve the modelling and the management of urban water networks, contributing to a radical transformation of the traditional paradigm of water utilities. The paper collection in this SI includes different crucial topics such as the reliability, resilience, and performance of water networks, innovative demand management, and the novel challenge of real-time control and operation, along with their implications for cyber-security. The SI collected fourteen papers that provide a wide perspective of solutions, trends, and challenges in the contest of smart urban water networks. Some solutions have already been implemented in pilot sites (i.e., for water network partitioning, cyber-security, and water demand disaggregation and forecasting), while further investigations are required for other methods, e.g., the data-driven approaches for real time control. In all cases, a new deal between academia, industry, and governments must be embraced to start the new era of smart urban water systems.

Technology: general issues --- hydraulic modelling --- pressure control valve --- pressure management --- remote real-time control --- stochastic consumption --- water distribution system --- fault identification --- hydraulic transient --- inverse transient analysis (ITA) --- water distribution network --- optimization approach --- water distribution monitoring --- optimal sensor placement --- water network partitioning --- topological centrality --- smart water system --- framework --- smartness --- cyber wellness --- leakage --- sensitivity --- uncertainty --- entropy --- multi-criteria decision-making --- DEMATEL --- clustering --- district metered area --- network sectorization --- smart city --- water quality monitoring --- Internet of Things --- wireless sensor networks --- water treatment plant --- data analytics --- nitrate --- nitrite --- water demand forecasting --- hybrid model --- error correction --- chaotic time series --- least square support vector machine --- cross-correlation --- data spatial aggregation --- finite population effect --- metering --- sample mean --- sampling design --- standard error --- stochastic analysis --- water demand peak factor --- water distribution networks --- comparative analysis --- hydraulic measure --- multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) --- reliability index --- water distribution network (WDN) --- smart stormwater --- machine learning --- cluster analysis --- data science --- flooding detection --- rainwater harvesting --- water trading --- dual reticulation --- decentralized water supply --- agent-based modeling --- urban water management --- urban water consumption --- water demand data --- water data accessibility --- data resolution --- smart meter --- smart water systems --- cyber-physical security --- cyber-security --- cyber-physical attacks --- water distribution systems --- cyber-attack detection --- blind sources separation --- FastICA

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Most real-world search and optimization problems naturally involve multiple criteria as objectives. Generally, symmetry, asymmetry, and anti-symmetry are basic characteristics of binary relationships used when modeling optimization problems. Moreover, the notion of symmetry has appeared in many articles about uncertainty theories that are employed in multi-criteria problems. Different solutions may produce trade-offs (conflicting scenarios) among different objectives. A better solution with respect to one objective may compromise other objectives. There are various factors that need to be considered to address the problems in multidisciplinary research, which is critical for the overall sustainability of human development and activity. In this regard, in recent decades, decision-making theory has been the subject of intense research activities due to its wide applications in different areas. The decision-making theory approach has become an important means to provide real-time solutions to uncertainty problems. Theories such as probability theory, fuzzy set theory, type-2 fuzzy set theory, rough set, and uncertainty theory, available in the existing literature, deal with such uncertainties. Nevertheless, the uncertain multi-criteria characteristics in such problems have not yet been explored in depth, and there is much left to be achieved in this direction. Hence, different mathematical models of real-life multi-criteria optimization problems can be developed in various uncertain frameworks with special emphasis on optimization problems.

Information technology industries --- multiple-criteria decision-making --- underground mines --- mining methods --- expert knowledge --- failure mode and effects analysis --- solar panel systems --- step-wise weight assessment ratio analysis --- grey relational analysis --- Z-number theory --- B2C e-commerce factors --- website --- MCDM --- Fuzzy AHP --- TOPSIS-Grey --- China --- IoT --- platform selection --- multi criteria decision analysis (MCDA) --- AHP --- PROMETHEE-II --- Industry 4.0 --- data envelopment analysis --- conjoint analysis --- experimental design --- criteria importance --- weight restrictions --- subjective and objective teacher efficiency --- multi-objective planning --- reverse supply chain --- robust optimization --- uncertainty --- meta-heuristic algorithm --- steel making industry --- fuzzy PIPRECIA --- fuzzy EDAS --- railway --- multi-criteria decision-making --- transport policy --- Six Sigma (6σ) --- DMAIC --- vehicle fleet --- optimization --- text mining --- Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MADM), criteria selection --- weighting --- Prospective MADM --- Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) --- SIMUS --- decision tree --- transport plan --- Laplace’s criterion --- Hurwitz’s criterion --- q-rung orthopair fuzzy numbers --- q-rung orthopair fuzzy prioritized weighted average operator --- q-rung orthopair fuzzy prioritized weighted geometric operator --- green supply chain management --- fuzzy theory --- sustainable development --- SCOR model --- FAHP --- PROMETHEE II --- textile and garments industry --- sustainable supplier selection --- MCDA --- efficiency --- DEA --- SFA --- classification --- dimensionality reduction --- q-ROFNs --- Einstein operators --- prioritized aggregation operators --- multi-criteria group decision making --- hazardous materials --- vehicle route model (VRP) --- uncertainty theory --- chance constrained programming model --- hybrid intelligent algorithm --- linear Diophantine fuzzy set --- linear Diophantine fuzzy soft rough set --- soft rough linear Diophantine fuzzy set --- upper reduct and lower reduct --- core set --- multi-criteria decision making --- q-Rung orthopair fuzzy sets --- geometric aggregation operators based on generalized and group-generalized parameters --- water loss management --- decision making --- intuitionistic fuzzy sets --- the COMET method --- service quality --- fuzzy set --- Jensen–Shannon divergence --- shapley function --- TODIM --- port-hinterland transportation system --- bi-objective programming --- intermodal transportation --- carbon emissions --- uncertain demand --- distributionally robust --- chance constraint --- Yangtze River Economic Belt --- multi-criteria decision-analysis --- MCDA benchmark --- normalization --- entropy --- decision-making methods --- multi-criteria problems --- evolutionary algorithms --- machine learning --- fuzzy logic --- uncertain data --- consistency weights --- fuzzy preference relation (FPR) --- hesitant fuzzy preference relation (HFPR) --- Łukasiewicz consistency --- normal hesitant fuzzy preference relation (NHFPR) --- multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) --- outsourcing provider --- DEMATEL --- CRITIC --- TOPSIS --- comparison measure --- representation --- disjoint --- multiplicative preference relation (MPR) --- group decision-making (GDM) --- incomplete fuzzy preference relation (IFPR) --- TL-consistency --- cubic m-polar fuzzy set --- Dombi’s operations --- cubic m-polar fuzzy aggregation operators with P-order (R-order) --- SIR technique --- complex networks --- social networks --- viral marketing --- information propagation --- crisp probability --- interval probability --- influence diagrams --- circuit breakers --- granular computing --- interval-valued --- intuitionistic fuzzy set --- multiple granulation --- ordered information system