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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Neurological injuries --- neurorehabilitation --- disability --- motor unit --- muscle

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Medicine --- Neurology & clinical neurophysiology --- Neurological injuries --- neurorehabilitation --- disability --- motor unit --- muscle

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Since the latter half of the twentieth century an enormous amount of knowledge about mammalian motoneuron pools has been collected. This progress was enabled mostly by the development of the precise techniques of intracellular recordings in acute animal experiments, many of which were conducted under deep anaesthesia. Recently obtained evidence indicates that anaesthetics used at that times changed certain properties of the cell membrane, which might affect firing of the neuron. Experiments on normal humans gets around this problem, which lets one compare MN firing characteristics in humans and reduced preparations. Firing pattern of human motoneurons is obtained indirectly by recording from a few muscle fibres of a motor unit. Since there is one-to-one relationship between motor unit and motoneuron firing, the statistical analysis of motor unit firing is equivalent to the analysis of motoneuron firing. This analysis, based on the essential knowledge about motoneuron physiology, gained from the direct measurements in animal experiments and verified by computer simulations, allows one to draw conclusions about the physiological properties of human motoneurons. For obvious reasons, the deductions made on properties of human motoneuron from these analyses should be accepted with caution. On the other hand, human experiments provide the unique opportunity to study intact motoneurons during normal physiological behavior. Thus, combining information obtained from animal and human experiments, and computer simulations, gives insight into underexplored problems of motor control. This E-book contains a collection of articles with range of exciting findings on the physiology and pathology of human motoneurons. The collection covers such important issues concerning firing of healthy motoneurons as recruitment and rate coding as well as motoneuron excitability, discusses intrinsic motoneuron properties disclosed by studying double discharges, and provides information on broad spectrum of motoneuron pathology. It is our hope that this collection promotes further expansion of knowledge on human motoneurons.

motor unit --- human motoneuron discharge mechanisms --- axon and peripheral afferents --- excitability --- afterhyperpolarization and delayed depolarization --- Recruitment and rate coding --- motoneuron pathology --- Double and triple discharges

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Old age is increasingly becoming the focus of research and development in Europe. Concerning orthopaedics and sports medicine, the elderly especially are considered as frail patients who need support to maintain the health of their musculoskeletal systems. For this reason, several interventions regarding physical activity have been investigated in recent years in order to understand whether some programs of physical activity are better than others as conservative treatments for degenerative musculoskeletal pathologies (i.e., osteoarthritis, rotator cuff arthropathy, and lower back pain). Furthermore, several investigations have been carried out to understand the best preoperative and postoperative protocols of physical activity to improve the results of orthopaedic surgery. The aim of this Special Issue was to collect the updated evidence concerning these topics in the form of a collection of systematic reviews of the literature.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- aging --- cerebral cortex --- dynapenia --- elderly --- motor unit --- muscle strength --- neural --- neuroplasticity --- sarcopenia --- knee --- hip --- arthroplasty --- physical activity --- prehabilitation --- chronic low back pain --- old aged patients --- physical therapy --- walking --- global postural rehabilitation --- cycling --- hydrotherapy --- yoga --- biomarkers --- noncommunicable diseases --- hypertension --- diabetes --- active exercise --- sport --- land-based --- aquatic --- knee or hip osteoarthritis --- older people --- systematic review --- meta-analysis --- osteoarthritis --- tendinopathies --- hip arthroplasty --- knee arthroplasty --- rehabilitation --- physiotherapy --- caregiver --- orthopedic disease --- caregiver strain --- shoulder --- caregiver stress --- dyads --- replacement --- return to sport --- knee osteoarthritis --- unicompartimental knee arthroplasty --- activity --- physical exercise --- balance --- falls --- n/a

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Old age is increasingly becoming the focus of research and development in Europe. Concerning orthopaedics and sports medicine, the elderly especially are considered as frail patients who need support to maintain the health of their musculoskeletal systems. For this reason, several interventions regarding physical activity have been investigated in recent years in order to understand whether some programs of physical activity are better than others as conservative treatments for degenerative musculoskeletal pathologies (i.e., osteoarthritis, rotator cuff arthropathy, and lower back pain). Furthermore, several investigations have been carried out to understand the best preoperative and postoperative protocols of physical activity to improve the results of orthopaedic surgery. The aim of this Special Issue was to collect the updated evidence concerning these topics in the form of a collection of systematic reviews of the literature.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- aging --- cerebral cortex --- dynapenia --- elderly --- motor unit --- muscle strength --- neural --- neuroplasticity --- sarcopenia --- knee --- hip --- arthroplasty --- physical activity --- prehabilitation --- chronic low back pain --- old aged patients --- physical therapy --- walking --- global postural rehabilitation --- cycling --- hydrotherapy --- yoga --- biomarkers --- noncommunicable diseases --- hypertension --- diabetes --- active exercise --- sport --- land-based --- aquatic --- knee or hip osteoarthritis --- older people --- systematic review --- meta-analysis --- osteoarthritis --- tendinopathies --- hip arthroplasty --- knee arthroplasty --- rehabilitation --- physiotherapy --- caregiver --- orthopedic disease --- caregiver strain --- shoulder --- caregiver stress --- dyads --- replacement --- return to sport --- knee osteoarthritis --- unicompartimental knee arthroplasty --- activity --- physical exercise --- balance --- falls --- aging --- cerebral cortex --- dynapenia --- elderly --- motor unit --- muscle strength --- neural --- neuroplasticity --- sarcopenia --- knee --- hip --- arthroplasty --- physical activity --- prehabilitation --- chronic low back pain --- old aged patients --- physical therapy --- walking --- global postural rehabilitation --- cycling --- hydrotherapy --- yoga --- biomarkers --- noncommunicable diseases --- hypertension --- diabetes --- active exercise --- sport --- land-based --- aquatic --- knee or hip osteoarthritis --- older people --- systematic review --- meta-analysis --- osteoarthritis --- tendinopathies --- hip arthroplasty --- knee arthroplasty --- rehabilitation --- physiotherapy --- caregiver --- orthopedic disease --- caregiver strain --- shoulder --- caregiver stress --- dyads --- replacement --- return to sport --- knee osteoarthritis --- unicompartimental knee arthroplasty --- activity --- physical exercise --- balance --- falls