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Rapid establishment of seedlings in forest regeneration or afforestation sites after planting is a prerequisite for a successful reforestation. Seedling survival after outplanting can be improved by using high-quality seedling material. Seedling quality consists of several features, such as genetic source, morphological properties, nutritional status, stress resistance, and vitality of the seedlings. Field performance of the seedlings is a complex process which can be affected by many nursery and silvicultural practices. Nursery cultural practices strongly affect seedling quality, which is generally at its highest level during the growth period at the nursery. Afterwards, when the seedlings are transported from the nursery to the planting site (including seedling storage, handling, shipping, and planting practices), the quality of seedlings can only remain the same or decline. To ensure successful regeneration, it is important to produce seedlings that retain their high quality until planting, and to establish them quickly in the forest regeneration site.

container parameters --- forest regeneration material --- physiological attributes --- somatic embryogenesis --- Quercus rubra --- antioxidant enzymes --- nursery production --- shortleaf pine --- historical perspective --- maturation --- Appalachia --- bulk density --- Quercus robur L. --- rabbit --- western larch --- Picea abies L. Karst. --- sessile oak --- climate change --- physiological quality --- nursery culture --- Fennoscandia --- pedunculate oak --- elk --- seeds --- survival --- small mammal --- loblolly pine --- Norway spruce --- white oak --- growing media --- germination --- morphological attributes --- embling production --- mechanization --- browse --- contractor --- field performance --- reforestation --- white-tailed deer --- forest biotechnology --- cultural practice --- hybridization --- nutrients --- silviculture --- black locust --- scarification index --- seedling quality --- tree planting machine --- seed size --- herbicide --- artificial regeneration --- restoration ecology --- porosity --- northern red oak --- cryopreservation --- leaf senescence --- tree seedling --- Douglas fir --- Quercus --- growth --- mine reclamation --- forestry

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This book is a collection of fundamental and applied research on the plant root response to environmental clues. In particular, the continued adaptation of both fine and coarse roots to modifications due to natural and anthropogenic causes were investigated from different viewpoints. Additionally, specific root traits were investigated as an optimal indicator of responses to the environment at the whole-plant level. Aspects such as an innovative methodological approach, the root morphology, gene expression, and primary and secondary metabolite concentrations were at the center of the investigations conducted in this collection.

TIFY --- Populus trichocarpa --- protein interaction network --- phytohormone treatment --- abiotic stress --- bioengineering --- Carpinus betulus --- Fagus orientalis --- tensile force --- Acer pseudoplatanus --- competition below ground --- extracellular enzymes --- Fagus sylvatica --- intraspecific and interspecific competition --- toot economic spectrum --- toot respiration --- tree root traits --- soil compaction --- N loading --- fine root --- root morphology --- ectomycorrhizal fungi --- forest gap --- forest management --- fine roots --- morphology --- lignin --- carbon --- nitrogen --- hydro-fluctuation zone --- Three Gorges Dam Reservoir --- winter submergence --- Taxodium distichum --- Salix matsudana --- organic acids --- phosphorus deficiency --- T.‘Zhongshanshan’ --- root foraging ability for phosphorus --- anchorage --- coarse root --- measurement method --- Pinus thunbergii --- root cross-sectional area --- root system architecture --- morphological attributes --- physiological analysis --- Populus euramericana --- reforestation --- n/a --- T.'Zhongshanshan'