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In this work, an innovative real-time microwave control approach is proposed, to improve the temperature homogeneity under microwave heating. Multiple adaptive or intelligent control structures have been developed, including the model predictive control, neural network control and reinforcement learning control methods. Experimental results prove that these advanced control methods can effectively reduce the final temperature derivations and improve the temperature homogeneity.
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In classical approaches for the torque control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines the torque references are converted into current references by static lookup tables which consider power losses. This procedure is dynamically suboptimal, interdependent and strongly machine-dependent. This work addresses the question: How can a Model Predictive Controller be designed to simultaneously optimize the objectives torque reference tracking and power loss minimization?
Electrical engineering --- Modellprädiktive Regelung (MPR) --- Permanentmagneterregte Synchronmaschine (PSM) --- multikriterielle Optimierung --- lexikographische Optimierung --- Model Predictive Control (MPC) --- Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) --- Multi-Objective Optimization --- Lexicographic Optimization
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Electrification, automation of vehicle control, digitalization and new mobility are the mega-trends in automotive engineering, and they are strongly connected. While many demonstrations for highly automated vehicles have been made worldwide, many challenges remain in bringing automated vehicles to the market for private and commercial use. The main challenges are as follows: reliable machine perception; accepted standards for vehicle-type approval and homologation; verification and validation of the functional safety, especially at SAE level 3+ systems; legal and ethical implications; acceptance of vehicle automation by occupants and society; interaction between automated and human-controlled vehicles in mixed traffic; human–machine interaction and usability; manipulation, misuse and cyber-security; the system costs of hard- and software and development efforts. This Special Issue was prepared in the years 2021 and 2022 and includes 15 papers with original research related to recent advances in the aforementioned challenges. The topics of this Special Issue cover: Machine perception for SAE L3+ driving automation; Trajectory planning and decision-making in complex traffic situations; X-by-Wire system components; Verification and validation of SAE L3+ systems; Misuse, manipulation and cybersecurity; Human–machine interactions, driver monitoring and driver-intention recognition; Road infrastructure measures for the introduction of SAE L3+ systems; Solutions for interactions between human- and machine-controlled vehicles in mixed traffic.
Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- automated driving --- scenario-based testing --- software framework --- traffic signs --- ADAS --- traffic sign recognition system --- cooperative perception --- ITS --- digital twin --- sensor fusion --- edge cloud --- autonomous drifting --- model predictive control (MPC) --- successive linearization --- adaptive control --- vehicle motion control --- varying road surfaces --- vehicle dynamics --- Mask R-CNN --- transfer learning --- inverse gamma correction --- illumination --- instance segmentation --- pedestrian custom dataset --- deep learning --- wheel loaders --- throttle prediction --- state prediction --- automation --- safety validation --- automated driving systems --- decomposition --- modular safety approval --- modular testing --- fault tree analysis --- adaptive cruise control --- informed machine learning --- physics-guided reinforcement learning --- safety --- autonomous vehicles --- autonomous conflict management --- UTM --- UAV --- UGV --- U-Space --- framework development --- lane detection --- simulation and modelling --- multi-layer perceptron --- convolutional neural network --- driver drowsiness --- ECG signal --- heart rate variability --- wavelet scalogram --- automated driving (AD) --- driving simulator --- expression of trust --- acceptance --- simulator case study --- NASA TLX --- advanced driver assistant systems (ADAS) --- system usability scale --- driving school --- virtual validation --- ground truth --- reference measurement --- calibration method --- simulation --- traffic evaluation --- simulation and modeling --- connected and automated vehicle --- driver assistance system --- virtual test and validation --- radar sensor --- physical perception model --- virtual sensor model --- automated driving --- scenario-based testing --- software framework --- traffic signs --- ADAS --- traffic sign recognition system --- cooperative perception --- ITS --- digital twin --- sensor fusion --- edge cloud --- autonomous drifting --- model predictive control (MPC) --- successive linearization --- adaptive control --- vehicle motion control --- varying road surfaces --- vehicle dynamics --- Mask R-CNN --- transfer learning --- inverse gamma correction --- illumination --- instance segmentation --- pedestrian custom dataset --- deep learning --- wheel loaders --- throttle prediction --- state prediction --- automation --- safety validation --- automated driving systems --- decomposition --- modular safety approval --- modular testing --- fault tree analysis --- adaptive cruise control --- informed machine learning --- physics-guided reinforcement learning --- safety --- autonomous vehicles --- autonomous conflict management --- UTM --- UAV --- UGV --- U-Space --- framework development --- lane detection --- simulation and modelling --- multi-layer perceptron --- convolutional neural network --- driver drowsiness --- ECG signal --- heart rate variability --- wavelet scalogram --- automated driving (AD) --- driving simulator --- expression of trust --- acceptance --- simulator case study --- NASA TLX --- advanced driver assistant systems (ADAS) --- system usability scale --- driving school --- virtual validation --- ground truth --- reference measurement --- calibration method --- simulation --- traffic evaluation --- simulation and modeling --- connected and automated vehicle --- driver assistance system --- virtual test and validation --- radar sensor --- physical perception model --- virtual sensor model
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Electrification, automation of vehicle control, digitalization and new mobility are the mega-trends in automotive engineering, and they are strongly connected. While many demonstrations for highly automated vehicles have been made worldwide, many challenges remain in bringing automated vehicles to the market for private and commercial use. The main challenges are as follows: reliable machine perception; accepted standards for vehicle-type approval and homologation; verification and validation of the functional safety, especially at SAE level 3+ systems; legal and ethical implications; acceptance of vehicle automation by occupants and society; interaction between automated and human-controlled vehicles in mixed traffic; human–machine interaction and usability; manipulation, misuse and cyber-security; the system costs of hard- and software and development efforts. This Special Issue was prepared in the years 2021 and 2022 and includes 15 papers with original research related to recent advances in the aforementioned challenges. The topics of this Special Issue cover: Machine perception for SAE L3+ driving automation; Trajectory planning and decision-making in complex traffic situations; X-by-Wire system components; Verification and validation of SAE L3+ systems; Misuse, manipulation and cybersecurity; Human–machine interactions, driver monitoring and driver-intention recognition; Road infrastructure measures for the introduction of SAE L3+ systems; Solutions for interactions between human- and machine-controlled vehicles in mixed traffic.
automated driving --- scenario-based testing --- software framework --- traffic signs --- ADAS --- traffic sign recognition system --- cooperative perception --- ITS --- digital twin --- sensor fusion --- edge cloud --- autonomous drifting --- model predictive control (MPC) --- successive linearization --- adaptive control --- vehicle motion control --- varying road surfaces --- vehicle dynamics --- Mask R-CNN --- transfer learning --- inverse gamma correction --- illumination --- instance segmentation --- pedestrian custom dataset --- deep learning --- wheel loaders --- throttle prediction --- state prediction --- automation --- safety validation --- automated driving systems --- decomposition --- modular safety approval --- modular testing --- fault tree analysis --- adaptive cruise control --- informed machine learning --- physics-guided reinforcement learning --- safety --- autonomous vehicles --- autonomous conflict management --- UTM --- UAV --- UGV --- U-Space --- framework development --- lane detection --- simulation and modelling --- multi-layer perceptron --- convolutional neural network --- driver drowsiness --- ECG signal --- heart rate variability --- wavelet scalogram --- automated driving (AD) --- driving simulator --- expression of trust --- acceptance --- simulator case study --- NASA TLX --- advanced driver assistant systems (ADAS) --- system usability scale --- driving school --- virtual validation --- ground truth --- reference measurement --- calibration method --- simulation --- traffic evaluation --- simulation and modeling --- connected and automated vehicle --- driver assistance system --- virtual test and validation --- radar sensor --- physical perception model --- virtual sensor model --- n/a
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This book is a collection of scientific papers concerning multilevel inverters examined from different points of view. Many applications are considered, such as renewable energy interface, power conditioning systems, electric drives, and chargers for electric vehicles. Different topologies have been examined in both new configurations and well-established structures, introducing novel and particular modulation strategies, and examining the effect of modulation techniques on voltage and current harmonics and the total harmonic distortion.
total harmonic distortion (THD) --- imperialist competitive algorithm --- fault detection --- automatic current balance --- small signal modeling --- phase-shifted PWM --- voltage balance control --- parasitic switching states --- multi-terminal DC network (MTDC) --- DC-link capacitor voltage balancing --- high efficiency drive --- modular multilevel converters --- DC-link voltage balancing --- power factor correction --- selected harmonic elimination --- Continuous Wavelet Transform --- power flow analysis --- T-type inverter --- electrical drives --- modular multilevel converter (MMC) --- computational cost --- fault location --- voltage imbalance --- DC-link capacitor design --- multilevel active-clamped converter --- dc-link capacitor voltage balance --- voltage ripple --- commutation --- model predictive control (MPC) --- voltage fluctuation --- multi-motor drive --- Balance of capacitor voltage --- on-board battery charger --- single-phase three-level NPC converter --- Suppression of CMV --- redundant switching combination --- ACTPSS --- model predictive control --- three-loop --- finite control set model predictive control --- current estimation --- five-level --- fault-tolerant control --- offset voltage injection --- harmonic component --- current unmeasurable areas --- LC filter --- computational burden --- interleaved buck --- three-level converter --- IGBT short-circuit --- SVPWM --- harmonic --- DC side fault blocking --- three-phase to single-phase cascaded converter --- single shunt resistor --- buck-chopper --- power factor --- modulation techniques --- modular multilevel converters (MMC) --- permanent magnet synchronous generator --- sorting networks --- alternating current (AC) motor drive --- space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) --- open end winding motor --- minimum voltage injection (MVI) method --- transmission line --- shift method --- genetic algorithm --- electric vehicle --- active filter --- NPC/H Bridge --- battery energy storage system (BESS) --- digital controller --- neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverter --- motor drive --- hybrid modulated model predictive control --- level-shifted PWM --- optimal output voltage level --- Phase Disposition PWM --- open-end winding configuration --- modular multilevel converter --- multilevel power converters --- simplified PWM strategy --- MMC-MTDC --- tolerance for battery power unbalance --- three-level neutral point clamped inverter (NPCI) --- real time simulator --- harmonic mitigation --- reverse prediction --- multilevel inverters --- field-programmable gate array --- current reconstruction method --- digital signal processors (DSP) --- three-level boost --- multilevel converter --- improved PQ algorithm --- low-harmonic DC ice-melting device --- PV-simulator --- total harmonic distortion --- voltage balancing --- Sub-module (SM) fault --- DC–DC conversion --- smart grid --- Cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter (CHBMI) --- dynamic reactive --- field-oriented control --- capacitor voltage balancing --- energy saving --- high reliability applications --- three-phase inverter --- substation’s voltage stability --- three-level boost DC-DC converter --- power quality --- T-type converter --- voltage source inverter --- state-of-charge (SOC) balancing control --- multi-point DC control --- predictive control --- Differential Comparison Low-Voltage Detection Method (DCLVDM)
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In recent years, power converters have played an important role in power electronics technology for different applications, such as renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, pulsed power generation, and biomedical sciences. Power converters, in the realm of power electronics, are becoming essential for generating electrical power energy in various ways. This Special Issue focuses on the development of novel power converter topologies in power electronics. The topics of interest include, but are not limited to: Z-source converters; multilevel power converter topologies; switched-capacitor-based power converters; power converters for battery management systems; power converters in wireless power transfer techniques; the reliability of power conversion systems; and modulation techniques for advanced power converters.
History of engineering & technology --- current source converter --- power decoupling --- power ripple --- computational complexity --- direct power control --- finite control set model predictive control --- PI controllers --- space vector modulation --- three-level T-type inverter --- input current ripple --- voltage multiplier --- shoot through state --- quasi-switched boost inverter --- Z-source inverter --- transformerless --- SEPIC converter --- single phase --- cascaded H-bridge inverter --- three-phase inverter --- Z-source network --- quasi-switched-boost network --- shoot-through --- quasi-z-source inverter --- grid-tied --- leakage current --- power efficiency --- counter-based --- one-comparator --- PWFM --- PWM --- PFM --- dc converter --- full bridge converter --- zero voltage operation --- multilevel inverter --- Pulse Width Modulation --- minimal number of commutations --- state machine --- Neutral Point Clamped Converter --- power converters --- EMI --- intelligent control --- classical gate driver --- interference sources --- carrier-based pulse width modulation --- offset function --- switching loss reduction --- H-bridge five-level inverter --- electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) --- switching model power supply (SMPS) --- conducted emission --- parametric modeling method --- vector fitting algorithm --- full-power testing --- high-power --- individual phase --- operation test --- static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) --- bidirectional DC/DC converter (BDC) --- dual mode operation --- current sharing --- multiplexed modulation --- low-voltage and high-current --- Lyapunov algorithm --- current sharing control --- confluence plate --- state feedback linearization --- grid-connected inverter --- LCL filter --- inductive power transfer (IPT) --- three-bridge switching --- constant current (CC) --- constant voltage (CV) --- fixed frequency --- fractional order elements --- high-frequency switching --- wireless power transmission --- active balance circuit --- bi-directional converter --- lithium battery --- series-connected battery --- fast charging --- motor drives --- full-bridge Buck inverter --- DC motor --- mathematical model --- differential flatness --- time-varying duty cycle --- circuit simulation --- experimental validation --- current source inverter --- common-mode voltage --- diode clamped multilevel inverter --- flying capacitor multilevel inverter --- cascade H bridge multilevel inverter --- total harmonic distortion --- PWM control techniques --- PSCAD/MULTISIM simulation --- model predictive control (MPC) --- neutral-point clamped (NPC) inverter --- disturbance observer --- parameter uncertainty --- stability analysis --- power factor adjustment --- matrix rectifier --- peak-current-mode (PCM) control --- boost converter --- stability --- parameter perturbation --- target period orbit tracking --- space-vector pulse-width modulation --- common-mode voltage elimination --- quasi-switched boost --- impedance network --- add-on pulse charger --- quick charge --- pulse charging --- Li-ion battery --- full bridge (FB) --- modular multilevel dc-dc converters (MMDCs) --- zero-voltage switching (ZVS) --- zero-current switching (ZCS) --- Photovoltaics --- Z-Source --- Current-fed --- Medium-Frequency --- Power-Imbalance --- harmonic --- RPWM --- selective voltage harmonic elimination --- single-phase inverter --- n/a
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In recent years, power converters have played an important role in power electronics technology for different applications, such as renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, pulsed power generation, and biomedical sciences. Power converters, in the realm of power electronics, are becoming essential for generating electrical power energy in various ways. This Special Issue focuses on the development of novel power converter topologies in power electronics. The topics of interest include, but are not limited to: Z-source converters; multilevel power converter topologies; switched-capacitor-based power converters; power converters for battery management systems; power converters in wireless power transfer techniques; the reliability of power conversion systems; and modulation techniques for advanced power converters.
current source converter --- power decoupling --- power ripple --- computational complexity --- direct power control --- finite control set model predictive control --- PI controllers --- space vector modulation --- three-level T-type inverter --- input current ripple --- voltage multiplier --- shoot through state --- quasi-switched boost inverter --- Z-source inverter --- transformerless --- SEPIC converter --- single phase --- cascaded H-bridge inverter --- three-phase inverter --- Z-source network --- quasi-switched-boost network --- shoot-through --- quasi-z-source inverter --- grid-tied --- leakage current --- power efficiency --- counter-based --- one-comparator --- PWFM --- PWM --- PFM --- dc converter --- full bridge converter --- zero voltage operation --- multilevel inverter --- Pulse Width Modulation --- minimal number of commutations --- state machine --- Neutral Point Clamped Converter --- power converters --- EMI --- intelligent control --- classical gate driver --- interference sources --- carrier-based pulse width modulation --- offset function --- switching loss reduction --- H-bridge five-level inverter --- electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) --- switching model power supply (SMPS) --- conducted emission --- parametric modeling method --- vector fitting algorithm --- full-power testing --- high-power --- individual phase --- operation test --- static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) --- bidirectional DC/DC converter (BDC) --- dual mode operation --- current sharing --- multiplexed modulation --- low-voltage and high-current --- Lyapunov algorithm --- current sharing control --- confluence plate --- state feedback linearization --- grid-connected inverter --- LCL filter --- inductive power transfer (IPT) --- three-bridge switching --- constant current (CC) --- constant voltage (CV) --- fixed frequency --- fractional order elements --- high-frequency switching --- wireless power transmission --- active balance circuit --- bi-directional converter --- lithium battery --- series-connected battery --- fast charging --- motor drives --- full-bridge Buck inverter --- DC motor --- mathematical model --- differential flatness --- time-varying duty cycle --- circuit simulation --- experimental validation --- current source inverter --- common-mode voltage --- diode clamped multilevel inverter --- flying capacitor multilevel inverter --- cascade H bridge multilevel inverter --- total harmonic distortion --- PWM control techniques --- PSCAD/MULTISIM simulation --- model predictive control (MPC) --- neutral-point clamped (NPC) inverter --- disturbance observer --- parameter uncertainty --- stability analysis --- power factor adjustment --- matrix rectifier --- peak-current-mode (PCM) control --- boost converter --- stability --- parameter perturbation --- target period orbit tracking --- space-vector pulse-width modulation --- common-mode voltage elimination --- quasi-switched boost --- impedance network --- add-on pulse charger --- quick charge --- pulse charging --- Li-ion battery --- full bridge (FB) --- modular multilevel dc-dc converters (MMDCs) --- zero-voltage switching (ZVS) --- zero-current switching (ZCS) --- Photovoltaics --- Z-Source --- Current-fed --- Medium-Frequency --- Power-Imbalance --- harmonic --- RPWM --- selective voltage harmonic elimination --- single-phase inverter --- n/a
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In recent years, power converters have played an important role in power electronics technology for different applications, such as renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, pulsed power generation, and biomedical sciences. Power converters, in the realm of power electronics, are becoming essential for generating electrical power energy in various ways. This Special Issue focuses on the development of novel power converter topologies in power electronics. The topics of interest include, but are not limited to: Z-source converters; multilevel power converter topologies; switched-capacitor-based power converters; power converters for battery management systems; power converters in wireless power transfer techniques; the reliability of power conversion systems; and modulation techniques for advanced power converters.
History of engineering & technology --- current source converter --- power decoupling --- power ripple --- computational complexity --- direct power control --- finite control set model predictive control --- PI controllers --- space vector modulation --- three-level T-type inverter --- input current ripple --- voltage multiplier --- shoot through state --- quasi-switched boost inverter --- Z-source inverter --- transformerless --- SEPIC converter --- single phase --- cascaded H-bridge inverter --- three-phase inverter --- Z-source network --- quasi-switched-boost network --- shoot-through --- quasi-z-source inverter --- grid-tied --- leakage current --- power efficiency --- counter-based --- one-comparator --- PWFM --- PWM --- PFM --- dc converter --- full bridge converter --- zero voltage operation --- multilevel inverter --- Pulse Width Modulation --- minimal number of commutations --- state machine --- Neutral Point Clamped Converter --- power converters --- EMI --- intelligent control --- classical gate driver --- interference sources --- carrier-based pulse width modulation --- offset function --- switching loss reduction --- H-bridge five-level inverter --- electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) --- switching model power supply (SMPS) --- conducted emission --- parametric modeling method --- vector fitting algorithm --- full-power testing --- high-power --- individual phase --- operation test --- static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) --- bidirectional DC/DC converter (BDC) --- dual mode operation --- current sharing --- multiplexed modulation --- low-voltage and high-current --- Lyapunov algorithm --- current sharing control --- confluence plate --- state feedback linearization --- grid-connected inverter --- LCL filter --- inductive power transfer (IPT) --- three-bridge switching --- constant current (CC) --- constant voltage (CV) --- fixed frequency --- fractional order elements --- high-frequency switching --- wireless power transmission --- active balance circuit --- bi-directional converter --- lithium battery --- series-connected battery --- fast charging --- motor drives --- full-bridge Buck inverter --- DC motor --- mathematical model --- differential flatness --- time-varying duty cycle --- circuit simulation --- experimental validation --- current source inverter --- common-mode voltage --- diode clamped multilevel inverter --- flying capacitor multilevel inverter --- cascade H bridge multilevel inverter --- total harmonic distortion --- PWM control techniques --- PSCAD/MULTISIM simulation --- model predictive control (MPC) --- neutral-point clamped (NPC) inverter --- disturbance observer --- parameter uncertainty --- stability analysis --- power factor adjustment --- matrix rectifier --- peak-current-mode (PCM) control --- boost converter --- stability --- parameter perturbation --- target period orbit tracking --- space-vector pulse-width modulation --- common-mode voltage elimination --- quasi-switched boost --- impedance network --- add-on pulse charger --- quick charge --- pulse charging --- Li-ion battery --- full bridge (FB) --- modular multilevel dc-dc converters (MMDCs) --- zero-voltage switching (ZVS) --- zero-current switching (ZCS) --- Photovoltaics --- Z-Source --- Current-fed --- Medium-Frequency --- Power-Imbalance --- harmonic --- RPWM --- selective voltage harmonic elimination --- single-phase inverter --- current source converter --- power decoupling --- power ripple --- computational complexity --- direct power control --- finite control set model predictive control --- PI controllers --- space vector modulation --- three-level T-type inverter --- input current ripple --- voltage multiplier --- shoot through state --- quasi-switched boost inverter --- Z-source inverter --- transformerless --- SEPIC converter --- single phase --- cascaded H-bridge inverter --- three-phase inverter --- Z-source network --- quasi-switched-boost network --- shoot-through --- quasi-z-source inverter --- grid-tied --- leakage current --- power efficiency --- counter-based --- one-comparator --- PWFM --- PWM --- PFM --- dc converter --- full bridge converter --- zero voltage operation --- multilevel inverter --- Pulse Width Modulation --- minimal number of commutations --- state machine --- Neutral Point Clamped Converter --- power converters --- EMI --- intelligent control --- classical gate driver --- interference sources --- carrier-based pulse width modulation --- offset function --- switching loss reduction --- H-bridge five-level inverter --- electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) --- switching model power supply (SMPS) --- conducted emission --- parametric modeling method --- vector fitting algorithm --- full-power testing --- high-power --- individual phase --- operation test --- static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) --- bidirectional DC/DC converter (BDC) --- dual mode operation --- current sharing --- multiplexed modulation --- low-voltage and high-current --- Lyapunov algorithm --- current sharing control --- confluence plate --- state feedback linearization --- grid-connected inverter --- LCL filter --- inductive power transfer (IPT) --- three-bridge switching --- constant current (CC) --- constant voltage (CV) --- fixed frequency --- fractional order elements --- high-frequency switching --- wireless power transmission --- active balance circuit --- bi-directional converter --- lithium battery --- series-connected battery --- fast charging --- motor drives --- full-bridge Buck inverter --- DC motor --- mathematical model --- differential flatness --- time-varying duty cycle --- circuit simulation --- experimental validation --- current source inverter --- common-mode voltage --- diode clamped multilevel inverter --- flying capacitor multilevel inverter --- cascade H bridge multilevel inverter --- total harmonic distortion --- PWM control techniques --- PSCAD/MULTISIM simulation --- model predictive control (MPC) --- neutral-point clamped (NPC) inverter --- disturbance observer --- parameter uncertainty --- stability analysis --- power factor adjustment --- matrix rectifier --- peak-current-mode (PCM) control --- boost converter --- stability --- parameter perturbation --- target period orbit tracking --- space-vector pulse-width modulation --- common-mode voltage elimination --- quasi-switched boost --- impedance network --- add-on pulse charger --- quick charge --- pulse charging --- Li-ion battery --- full bridge (FB) --- modular multilevel dc-dc converters (MMDCs) --- zero-voltage switching (ZVS) --- zero-current switching (ZCS) --- Photovoltaics --- Z-Source --- Current-fed --- Medium-Frequency --- Power-Imbalance --- harmonic --- RPWM --- selective voltage harmonic elimination --- single-phase inverter
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