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The aim of the present Special Issue is to address the state-of-art of mitochondrial genomics and phylogenomics. Mitochondrial markers are widespread in phylogenetics; however, it is becoming increasingly clear that (i) many discordance issues arise with respect to nuclear markers and (ii) many features that are normally considered 'typical' for the mitochondrial genome are indeed highly unstable and unconserved.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Acari Actinotrichida --- COI --- cytochrome B --- genetic identification --- Hydrachnidia --- Culicidae --- reverse taxonomy --- species identification --- Unio crassus --- freshwater mussels --- population genetics --- genetic diversity --- mtDNA --- ITS --- codon degeneration --- phylogenetic conflict --- deep phylogeny --- ratite --- Theileria parva --- mitogenomes --- haplotypes --- SNPs --- live vaccine --- fig wasps --- classification --- phylogeny --- mitochondrial gene --- transcriptome --- divergence --- Diptera --- saturation --- rates --- banana --- diversification times --- mitochondrial genome --- Mycosphaerellaceae --- plant pathogens --- Pseudocercospora --- sigatoka disease --- wild sheep --- bighorn --- taxonomy --- cytochrome b --- Yakut snow sheep --- Ovis nivicola lydekkeri --- Actiniaria --- group I intron --- mitogenome --- rearrangement --- sea anemone --- 2D RNA-Barcoding --- molecular morphology --- Nudibranchia --- Dondice --- heteroplasmy --- paternal leakage --- NUMTs --- selection --- mtDNA architecture --- mtDNA structure --- nucleotide composition --- compositional bias --- strand asymmetry --- Eukaryota --- mtDNA expansion --- ICZN --- homonym --- Heterobranchia --- Crassostrea angulata --- Portuguese oyster --- cox1 --- phylogeography --- phylogenetics --- haplotype diversity --- oyster conservation --- n/a

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Mitochondria, organelles surrounded by a double membrane and with their own small genome, are the cells’ energy centers. Besides the production of ATP through cellular respiration, mitochondria play a pivotal role in other aspects of the life and death of a cell: heat production, programmed cell death, the regulation of metabolic activity, immunity, and calcium homeostasis. A number of diseases are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, including cardiovascular, neurological, inflammatory, and metabolic disorders as well as cancer. Mitochondria therefore represent an important therapy target, and it is not surprising that a number of different treatment strategies have emerged. Approaches targeting mitochondria can be split into two opposite categories: drugs that restore mitochondrial function and drugs that trigger mitochondria-mediated cell death. Targeted drug delivery to achieve the selective accumulation of drug molecules in mitochondria is complex and involves methods such as direct drug modification or encapsulation into nanocarriers.

retinal ischemia --- blood–brain barrier --- endothelial --- reactive oxygen species --- oxidative stress --- tunneling nanotubules --- neuron --- central nervous system --- inflammation --- hypoxia --- anticancer peptide (ACP) --- antimicrobial peptide (AMP) --- anticancer peptides --- antimicrobial peptides --- host defense peptides --- prediction --- random forest --- mitochondria --- mitochondrial DNA --- mitochondrial disorders --- pharmacological therapy --- gene therapy --- precision medicine --- cardiovascular disease --- drug delivery --- mitochondria dysfunctions --- nanocarriers --- oxoglutarate carrier --- malate-aspartate shuttle --- cancer metabolism --- ATP production --- diphenyleneiodonium --- NADPH-oxidase --- differentiation --- proliferation --- mitochondria-targeted antioxidants --- LPS --- mitochondrial ROS --- antitumor agents --- fluorescence lifetime imaging --- medicinal chemistry --- metabolic drug --- mitochondrial carrier --- melanoma --- plumbagin --- cytotoxic effect --- metabolism --- cholesterol --- lipid raft --- mitochondrial permeability transition pore --- alkylphospholipid analog --- edelfosine --- mitochondrial oncometabolites --- cancer drug resistance --- mitochondrial disease --- heteroplasmy --- mitochondrial gene delivery --- n/a --- blood-brain barrier

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The aim of the present Special Issue is to address the state-of-art of mitochondrial genomics and phylogenomics. Mitochondrial markers are widespread in phylogenetics; however, it is becoming increasingly clear that (i) many discordance issues arise with respect to nuclear markers and (ii) many features that are normally considered 'typical' for the mitochondrial genome are indeed highly unstable and unconserved.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Acari Actinotrichida --- COI --- cytochrome B --- genetic identification --- Hydrachnidia --- Culicidae --- reverse taxonomy --- species identification --- Unio crassus --- freshwater mussels --- population genetics --- genetic diversity --- mtDNA --- ITS --- codon degeneration --- phylogenetic conflict --- deep phylogeny --- ratite --- Theileria parva --- mitogenomes --- haplotypes --- SNPs --- live vaccine --- fig wasps --- classification --- phylogeny --- mitochondrial gene --- transcriptome --- divergence --- Diptera --- saturation --- rates --- banana --- diversification times --- mitochondrial genome --- Mycosphaerellaceae --- plant pathogens --- Pseudocercospora --- sigatoka disease --- wild sheep --- bighorn --- taxonomy --- cytochrome b --- Yakut snow sheep --- Ovis nivicola lydekkeri --- Actiniaria --- group I intron --- mitogenome --- rearrangement --- sea anemone --- 2D RNA-Barcoding --- molecular morphology --- Nudibranchia --- Dondice --- heteroplasmy --- paternal leakage --- NUMTs --- selection --- mtDNA architecture --- mtDNA structure --- nucleotide composition --- compositional bias --- strand asymmetry --- Eukaryota --- mtDNA expansion --- ICZN --- homonym --- Heterobranchia --- Crassostrea angulata --- Portuguese oyster --- cox1 --- phylogeography --- phylogenetics --- haplotype diversity --- oyster conservation

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Mitochondria are subcellular organelles evolved by the endosymbiosis of bacteria with eukaryotic cells. They are the main source of ATP in the cell and engaged in other aspects of cell metabolism and cell function, including the regulation of ion homeostasis, cell growth, redox status, and cell signaling. Due to their central role in cell life and death, mitochondria are also involved in the pathogenesis and progression of human diseases/conditions, including neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disorders, cancer, diabetes, inflammation, and aging. However, despite the increasing number of studies, precise mechanisms whereby mitochondria are involved in the regulation of basic physiological functions, as well as their role in the cell under pathophysiological conditions, remain unknown. A lack of in-depth knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial metabolism and function, as well as interplay between the factors that transform the organelle from its role in pro-survival to pro-death, have hindered the development of new mitochondria-targeted pharmacological and conditional approaches for the treatment of human diseases. This book highlights the latest achievements in elucidating the role of mitochondria under physiological conditions, in various cell/animal models of human diseases, and in patients.

Medicine --- hypoglycemia --- sodium dichloroacetate --- pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase --- pyruvate dehydrogenase --- oxidative stress --- neuron death --- cholangiocellular carcinoma --- mitochondria --- energy metabolism --- oxidative phosphorylation --- 4-HNE --- DRP1 --- ERK1/2 --- hippocampus --- JNK --- mitochondrial dynamics --- PKA --- protein phosphatases --- TUNEL --- DDE --- high-fat diet --- mitochondrial UCP2 --- ROS --- antioxidant system --- uncoupling protein --- mitochondria: energy metabolism --- lipid handling --- fatty acid oxidation --- potassium channel --- reactive oxygen species --- antioxidants --- life span --- aging --- BKCa channels --- pravastatin --- gemfibrozil --- liver --- colon --- mitochondrial function --- cyclosporin A --- mitochondria calcium buffering --- mitochondria bioenergetics --- mitochondria permeability transition pore --- inorganic phosphate --- hepatic fibrogenesis --- HtrA2/Omi --- reactive oxygen species stress --- mitochondrial homeostasis --- complex I (CI) deficiency --- metabolome and proteome profiling --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- respirasome assembly --- electron tunneling (ET) --- perilipin 5 --- lipid droplet --- H9c2 cardiomyoblasts --- adenine nucleotide translocase --- respiratory supercomplexes --- ETC complexes --- dentate granule cell --- epilepsy --- hyperforin --- LONP1 --- neuroprotection --- pilocarpine --- seizure --- siRNA --- cardioprotection --- mitochondrial permeability transition pores --- mitochondrial connexin 43 --- cardiolipin --- iron overload --- hepcidin --- transferrin --- ferritin --- ZIP --- inflammation --- mtDNA --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- muscle aging --- physical performance --- LHON --- Siberian population --- ancient mutation --- specific genetic background --- apoptosis --- human amniotic membrane --- mitochondrial cell death --- BAX --- BCL-2 --- tensile strength --- mitochondrial gene expression --- mtDNA transcription --- mtRNA --- post-transcriptional mtRNA processing --- dsRNA --- innate immunity --- interferon response --- amino acid neurotransmitter --- cerebellar amino acid metabolism --- hypoxia --- 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase --- tricarboxylic acid cycle --- heart --- cytoskeletal proteins --- mitochondrial interactions --- plectin --- tubulin beta --- signaling --- GW9662 --- ischemia reperfusion injury --- Langendorff --- myocardial --- pioglitazone --- redox state --- rosiglitazone --- TZD --- uncoupling --- ADP/ATP carrier --- KmADP --- dextran --- morphology --- cardiomyocytes --- telomere length --- telomerase activity --- development --- regeneration --- intranuclear mitochondria --- healthy cells --- electron and confocal microscopy --- signaling pathways --- ion homeostasis --- human diseases