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Asthma is a common complex and heterogeneous respiratory disease with an increasing prevalence in developed countries. Asthma is a disease consisting of different phenotypes that are driven by different mechanistic pathways (endotypes). The recognition of these phenotypes and endotypes is central to asthma management entailing prognostic and therapeutic implications. It is acknowledged that despite optimal treatment, many patients are poorly controlled, highlighting the need for phenotype-guided treatments. In this context, the emergence of novel therapies (monoclonal antibody therapy, bronchial thermoplasty) is paving the way for personalized asthma therapy. A better understanding of disease pathogenesis may enable the identification of biomarkers, mediators, novel therapeutic targets, and treatable traits. Further molecular phenotyping or endotyping of asthma will be necessary to tailor new therapeutic strategies. The present Special Issue on Asthma aims to provide the current knowledge on phenotypes and endotypes in appreciating and managing the heterogeneous condition that is asthma.

Medicine --- asthma --- lactic acidosis --- hyperchloremic acidosis --- hypocapnia --- hypercapnia --- wheezing --- bronchial biopsies --- symptom persistence --- clinical remission --- eosinophil --- adhesion --- viability --- proliferation --- airway smooth muscle cell --- pulmonary fibroblast --- phenotype --- acute severe asthma exacerbation --- near fatal asthma --- severe asthma --- inflammation --- interleukin-5 (IL-5) --- anti-IL-5 --- interleukin-4 --- airway remodeling --- matrix metalloproteinases-9 --- tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 --- alveolar macrophages --- lung function --- bronchodilation --- resistance --- obstruction --- reproducible --- spirometry --- obstructive sleep apnea --- bronchial asthma --- alternative overlap syndrome --- exacerbation --- reactive oxygen species --- PBMC --- mitochondrial function --- innate immunity --- immune regulation --- NLRP3 --- IL-1β --- allergic airway inflammation --- microbiome --- pathogenesis --- immune responses --- PreDicta --- preschool --- FeNO --- asthma-specific quality of life --- chronic rhinitis --- disease-specific quality of life --- health-related quality of Life (HRQLQ) --- children --- longitudinal study --- asthma --- lactic acidosis --- hyperchloremic acidosis --- hypocapnia --- hypercapnia --- wheezing --- bronchial biopsies --- symptom persistence --- clinical remission --- eosinophil --- adhesion --- viability --- proliferation --- airway smooth muscle cell --- pulmonary fibroblast --- phenotype --- acute severe asthma exacerbation --- near fatal asthma --- severe asthma --- inflammation --- interleukin-5 (IL-5) --- anti-IL-5 --- interleukin-4 --- airway remodeling --- matrix metalloproteinases-9 --- tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 --- alveolar macrophages --- lung function --- bronchodilation --- resistance --- obstruction --- reproducible --- spirometry --- obstructive sleep apnea --- bronchial asthma --- alternative overlap syndrome --- exacerbation --- reactive oxygen species --- PBMC --- mitochondrial function --- innate immunity --- immune regulation --- NLRP3 --- IL-1β --- allergic airway inflammation --- microbiome --- pathogenesis --- immune responses --- PreDicta --- preschool --- FeNO --- asthma-specific quality of life --- chronic rhinitis --- disease-specific quality of life --- health-related quality of Life (HRQLQ) --- children --- longitudinal study

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Asthma is a common complex and heterogeneous respiratory disease with an increasing prevalence in developed countries. Asthma is a disease consisting of different phenotypes that are driven by different mechanistic pathways (endotypes). The recognition of these phenotypes and endotypes is central to asthma management entailing prognostic and therapeutic implications. It is acknowledged that despite optimal treatment, many patients are poorly controlled, highlighting the need for phenotype-guided treatments. In this context, the emergence of novel therapies (monoclonal antibody therapy, bronchial thermoplasty) is paving the way for personalized asthma therapy. A better understanding of disease pathogenesis may enable the identification of biomarkers, mediators, novel therapeutic targets, and treatable traits. Further molecular phenotyping or endotyping of asthma will be necessary to tailor new therapeutic strategies. The present Special Issue on Asthma aims to provide the current knowledge on phenotypes and endotypes in appreciating and managing the heterogeneous condition that is asthma.

Medicine --- asthma --- lactic acidosis --- hyperchloremic acidosis --- hypocapnia --- hypercapnia --- wheezing --- bronchial biopsies --- symptom persistence --- clinical remission --- eosinophil --- adhesion --- viability --- proliferation --- airway smooth muscle cell --- pulmonary fibroblast --- phenotype --- acute severe asthma exacerbation --- near fatal asthma --- severe asthma --- inflammation --- interleukin-5 (IL-5) --- anti-IL-5 --- interleukin-4 --- airway remodeling --- matrix metalloproteinases-9 --- tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 --- alveolar macrophages --- lung function --- bronchodilation --- resistance --- obstruction --- reproducible --- spirometry --- obstructive sleep apnea --- bronchial asthma --- alternative overlap syndrome --- exacerbation --- reactive oxygen species --- PBMC --- mitochondrial function --- innate immunity --- immune regulation --- NLRP3 --- IL-1β --- allergic airway inflammation --- microbiome --- pathogenesis --- immune responses --- PreDicta --- preschool --- FeNO --- asthma-specific quality of life --- chronic rhinitis --- disease-specific quality of life --- health-related quality of Life (HRQLQ) --- children --- longitudinal study

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This book collects 17 original research papers and 9 reviews that are part of the Special Issue “Cellular Oxidative Stress”, published in the journal Antioxidants. Oxidative stress on a cellular level affects the function of tissues and organs and may eventually lead to disease. Therefore, a precise understanding of how oxidative stress develops and can be counteracted is of utmost importance. The scope of the book is to emphasize the latest findings on the cellular targets of oxidative stress and the potential beneficial effect of antioxidants on human health.

Medicine --- neuroinflammation --- clinical --- palmitoylethanolamide --- luteolin --- co-ultramicronization --- CNS pathology --- adaptive immune response --- cell homeostasis --- legumes --- liver --- hepatic steatosis --- lipid dyshomeostasis --- ROS --- traumatic brain injury --- palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) --- therapeutic strategies --- oxidative stress. --- RNA-Seq --- RPE --- Retinitis pigmentosa --- A2E --- diabetes --- glucose exposure --- oxidative stress --- Band 3 protein --- erythrocytes --- SO42− --- 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal --- 3-glutathionyl-4-hydroxynonanal --- astrocytoma cells --- soy --- soybeans --- soy foods --- antioxidants --- reactive oxygen species --- cardiovascular diseases --- cancer --- paw edema --- cashew nuts --- antioxidant --- inflammation --- polyphenols --- analgesic --- d-Galactose --- glycation --- SO42− uptake --- anion exchange --- diseases --- immune system --- NF-κB --- cigarette smoke extract --- nasal fibroblasts --- tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases --- matrix metalloproteinase --- steroids --- Plasmodium falciparum --- syk kinase inhibitors --- artemisinin derivatives --- hemichromes --- cellular redox state --- mitochondrial function --- cisplatin nephrotoxicity --- acute pancreatitis --- obesity --- nitrosative stress --- PGC-1α --- microparticles --- vesiculation --- band 3 --- tert-Bytyl hydroperoxide t-BOOH --- nitric oxide donor --- calcium ionophore A23187 --- age-related macular degeneration (AMD) --- diet --- Substance-P --- adipose-derived stem cells --- paracrine factors --- epilepsy --- status epilepticus --- Trolox --- HeLa --- prooxidant --- AVD --- apoptosis --- neurodegeneration --- ncRNA --- miRNA --- tRNA fragments --- lncRNA --- circRNA --- preeclampsia --- hemostasis --- platelets --- coagulation --- fish --- mucosal immunity --- nasal immunity --- peroxide --- vitamin C --- NAC --- immunosenescence --- T cells --- vaccination --- aging --- microvascular permeability --- bradykinin --- interleukin 1β --- NADPH oxidase --- simvastatin --- molecular hydrogen --- autophagy --- matrix metalloproteinases --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- phytochemicals --- dietary chemicals --- natural compounds --- programmed cell death --- anoikis --- ferroptosis --- pyroptosis --- neuroinflammation --- clinical --- palmitoylethanolamide --- luteolin --- co-ultramicronization --- CNS pathology --- adaptive immune response --- cell homeostasis --- legumes --- liver --- hepatic steatosis --- lipid dyshomeostasis --- ROS --- traumatic brain injury --- palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) --- therapeutic strategies --- oxidative stress. --- RNA-Seq --- RPE --- Retinitis pigmentosa --- A2E --- diabetes --- glucose exposure --- oxidative stress --- Band 3 protein --- erythrocytes --- SO42− --- 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal --- 3-glutathionyl-4-hydroxynonanal --- astrocytoma cells --- soy --- soybeans --- soy foods --- antioxidants --- reactive oxygen species --- cardiovascular diseases --- cancer --- paw edema --- cashew nuts --- antioxidant --- inflammation --- polyphenols --- analgesic --- d-Galactose --- glycation --- SO42− uptake --- anion exchange --- diseases --- immune system --- NF-κB --- cigarette smoke extract --- nasal fibroblasts --- tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases --- matrix metalloproteinase --- steroids --- Plasmodium falciparum --- syk kinase inhibitors --- artemisinin derivatives --- hemichromes --- cellular redox state --- mitochondrial function --- cisplatin nephrotoxicity --- acute pancreatitis --- obesity --- nitrosative stress --- PGC-1α --- microparticles --- vesiculation --- band 3 --- tert-Bytyl hydroperoxide t-BOOH --- nitric oxide donor --- calcium ionophore A23187 --- age-related macular degeneration (AMD) --- diet --- Substance-P --- adipose-derived stem cells --- paracrine factors --- epilepsy --- status epilepticus --- Trolox --- HeLa --- prooxidant --- AVD --- apoptosis --- neurodegeneration --- ncRNA --- miRNA --- tRNA fragments --- lncRNA --- circRNA --- preeclampsia --- hemostasis --- platelets --- coagulation --- fish --- mucosal immunity --- nasal immunity --- peroxide --- vitamin C --- NAC --- immunosenescence --- T cells --- vaccination --- aging --- microvascular permeability --- bradykinin --- interleukin 1β --- NADPH oxidase --- simvastatin --- molecular hydrogen --- autophagy --- matrix metalloproteinases --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- phytochemicals --- dietary chemicals --- natural compounds --- programmed cell death --- anoikis --- ferroptosis --- pyroptosis

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This book collects 17 original research papers and 9 reviews that are part of the Special Issue “Cellular Oxidative Stress”, published in the journal Antioxidants. Oxidative stress on a cellular level affects the function of tissues and organs and may eventually lead to disease. Therefore, a precise understanding of how oxidative stress develops and can be counteracted is of utmost importance. The scope of the book is to emphasize the latest findings on the cellular targets of oxidative stress and the potential beneficial effect of antioxidants on human health.

neuroinflammation --- clinical --- palmitoylethanolamide --- luteolin --- co-ultramicronization --- CNS pathology --- adaptive immune response --- cell homeostasis --- legumes --- liver --- hepatic steatosis --- lipid dyshomeostasis --- ROS --- traumatic brain injury --- palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) --- therapeutic strategies --- oxidative stress. --- RNA-Seq --- RPE --- Retinitis pigmentosa --- A2E --- diabetes --- glucose exposure --- oxidative stress --- Band 3 protein --- erythrocytes --- SO42− --- 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal --- 3-glutathionyl-4-hydroxynonanal --- astrocytoma cells --- soy --- soybeans --- soy foods --- antioxidants --- reactive oxygen species --- cardiovascular diseases --- cancer --- paw edema --- cashew nuts --- antioxidant --- inflammation --- polyphenols --- analgesic --- d-Galactose --- glycation --- SO42− uptake --- anion exchange --- diseases --- immune system --- NF-κB --- cigarette smoke extract --- nasal fibroblasts --- tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases --- matrix metalloproteinase --- steroids --- Plasmodium falciparum --- syk kinase inhibitors --- artemisinin derivatives --- hemichromes --- cellular redox state --- mitochondrial function --- cisplatin nephrotoxicity --- acute pancreatitis --- obesity --- nitrosative stress --- PGC-1α --- microparticles --- vesiculation --- band 3 --- tert-Bytyl hydroperoxide t-BOOH --- nitric oxide donor --- calcium ionophore A23187 --- age-related macular degeneration (AMD) --- diet --- Substance-P --- adipose-derived stem cells --- paracrine factors --- epilepsy --- status epilepticus --- Trolox --- HeLa --- prooxidant --- AVD --- apoptosis --- neurodegeneration --- ncRNA --- miRNA --- tRNA fragments --- lncRNA --- circRNA --- preeclampsia --- hemostasis --- platelets --- coagulation --- fish --- mucosal immunity --- nasal immunity --- peroxide --- vitamin C --- NAC --- immunosenescence --- T cells --- vaccination --- aging --- microvascular permeability --- bradykinin --- interleukin 1β --- NADPH oxidase --- simvastatin --- molecular hydrogen --- autophagy --- matrix metalloproteinases --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- phytochemicals --- dietary chemicals --- natural compounds --- programmed cell death --- anoikis --- ferroptosis --- pyroptosis --- n/a

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Mitochondria are subcellular organelles evolved by the endosymbiosis of bacteria with eukaryotic cells. They are the main source of ATP in the cell and engaged in other aspects of cell metabolism and cell function, including the regulation of ion homeostasis, cell growth, redox status, and cell signaling. Due to their central role in cell life and death, mitochondria are also involved in the pathogenesis and progression of human diseases/conditions, including neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disorders, cancer, diabetes, inflammation, and aging. However, despite the increasing number of studies, precise mechanisms whereby mitochondria are involved in the regulation of basic physiological functions, as well as their role in the cell under pathophysiological conditions, remain unknown. A lack of in-depth knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial metabolism and function, as well as interplay between the factors that transform the organelle from its role in pro-survival to pro-death, have hindered the development of new mitochondria-targeted pharmacological and conditional approaches for the treatment of human diseases. This book highlights the latest achievements in elucidating the role of mitochondria under physiological conditions, in various cell/animal models of human diseases, and in patients.

Medicine --- hypoglycemia --- sodium dichloroacetate --- pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase --- pyruvate dehydrogenase --- oxidative stress --- neuron death --- cholangiocellular carcinoma --- mitochondria --- energy metabolism --- oxidative phosphorylation --- 4-HNE --- DRP1 --- ERK1/2 --- hippocampus --- JNK --- mitochondrial dynamics --- PKA --- protein phosphatases --- TUNEL --- DDE --- high-fat diet --- mitochondrial UCP2 --- ROS --- antioxidant system --- uncoupling protein --- mitochondria: energy metabolism --- lipid handling --- fatty acid oxidation --- potassium channel --- reactive oxygen species --- antioxidants --- life span --- aging --- BKCa channels --- pravastatin --- gemfibrozil --- liver --- colon --- mitochondrial function --- cyclosporin A --- mitochondria calcium buffering --- mitochondria bioenergetics --- mitochondria permeability transition pore --- inorganic phosphate --- hepatic fibrogenesis --- HtrA2/Omi --- reactive oxygen species stress --- mitochondrial homeostasis --- complex I (CI) deficiency --- metabolome and proteome profiling --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- respirasome assembly --- electron tunneling (ET) --- perilipin 5 --- lipid droplet --- H9c2 cardiomyoblasts --- adenine nucleotide translocase --- respiratory supercomplexes --- ETC complexes --- dentate granule cell --- epilepsy --- hyperforin --- LONP1 --- neuroprotection --- pilocarpine --- seizure --- siRNA --- cardioprotection --- mitochondrial permeability transition pores --- mitochondrial connexin 43 --- cardiolipin --- iron overload --- hepcidin --- transferrin --- ferritin --- ZIP --- inflammation --- mtDNA --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- muscle aging --- physical performance --- LHON --- Siberian population --- ancient mutation --- specific genetic background --- apoptosis --- human amniotic membrane --- mitochondrial cell death --- BAX --- BCL-2 --- tensile strength --- mitochondrial gene expression --- mtDNA transcription --- mtRNA --- post-transcriptional mtRNA processing --- dsRNA --- innate immunity --- interferon response --- amino acid neurotransmitter --- cerebellar amino acid metabolism --- hypoxia --- 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase --- tricarboxylic acid cycle --- heart --- cytoskeletal proteins --- mitochondrial interactions --- plectin --- tubulin beta --- signaling --- GW9662 --- ischemia reperfusion injury --- Langendorff --- myocardial --- pioglitazone --- redox state --- rosiglitazone --- TZD --- uncoupling --- ADP/ATP carrier --- KmADP --- dextran --- morphology --- cardiomyocytes --- telomere length --- telomerase activity --- development --- regeneration --- intranuclear mitochondria --- healthy cells --- electron and confocal microscopy --- signaling pathways --- ion homeostasis --- human diseases --- hypoglycemia --- sodium dichloroacetate --- pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase --- pyruvate dehydrogenase --- oxidative stress --- neuron death --- cholangiocellular carcinoma --- mitochondria --- energy metabolism --- oxidative phosphorylation --- 4-HNE --- DRP1 --- ERK1/2 --- hippocampus --- JNK --- mitochondrial dynamics --- PKA --- protein phosphatases --- TUNEL --- DDE --- high-fat diet --- mitochondrial UCP2 --- ROS --- antioxidant system --- uncoupling protein --- mitochondria: energy metabolism --- lipid handling --- fatty acid oxidation --- potassium channel --- reactive oxygen species --- antioxidants --- life span --- aging --- BKCa channels --- pravastatin --- gemfibrozil --- liver --- colon --- mitochondrial function --- cyclosporin A --- mitochondria calcium buffering --- mitochondria bioenergetics --- mitochondria permeability transition pore --- inorganic phosphate --- hepatic fibrogenesis --- HtrA2/Omi --- reactive oxygen species stress --- mitochondrial homeostasis --- complex I (CI) deficiency --- metabolome and proteome profiling --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- respirasome assembly --- electron tunneling (ET) --- perilipin 5 --- lipid droplet --- H9c2 cardiomyoblasts --- adenine nucleotide translocase --- respiratory supercomplexes --- ETC complexes --- dentate granule cell --- epilepsy --- hyperforin --- LONP1 --- neuroprotection --- pilocarpine --- seizure --- siRNA --- cardioprotection --- mitochondrial permeability transition pores --- mitochondrial connexin 43 --- cardiolipin --- iron overload --- hepcidin --- transferrin --- ferritin --- ZIP --- inflammation --- mtDNA --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- muscle aging --- physical performance --- LHON --- Siberian population --- ancient mutation --- specific genetic background --- apoptosis --- human amniotic membrane --- mitochondrial cell death --- BAX --- BCL-2 --- tensile strength --- mitochondrial gene expression --- mtDNA transcription --- mtRNA --- post-transcriptional mtRNA processing --- dsRNA --- innate immunity --- interferon response --- amino acid neurotransmitter --- cerebellar amino acid metabolism --- hypoxia --- 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase --- tricarboxylic acid cycle --- heart --- cytoskeletal proteins --- mitochondrial interactions --- plectin --- tubulin beta --- signaling --- GW9662 --- ischemia reperfusion injury --- Langendorff --- myocardial --- pioglitazone --- redox state --- rosiglitazone --- TZD --- uncoupling --- ADP/ATP carrier --- KmADP --- dextran --- morphology --- cardiomyocytes --- telomere length --- telomerase activity --- development --- regeneration --- intranuclear mitochondria --- healthy cells --- electron and confocal microscopy --- signaling pathways --- ion homeostasis --- human diseases