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Missions --- Missions. --- Serra, Junípero, --- Franciscans --- Franciscans. --- Mission San Carlos Borromeo (Carmel, Calif.). --- California.

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As one of America's most important missionaries, Junípero Serra is widely recognized as the founding father of California's missions. It was for that work that he was canonized in 2015 by Pope Francis. Less well known, however, is the degree to which Junípero Serra embodied the social, religious and artistic currents that shaped Spain and Mexico across the 18th century. Further, Serra's reception in American culture in the 19th and 20th centuries has often been obscured by the controversies surrounding his treatment of California's Indians. This volume situates Serra in the larger Spanish and Mexican contexts within which he lived, learned, and came of age. Offering a rare glimpse into Serra's life, these essays capture the full complexity of cultural trends and developments that paved the way for this powerful missionary to become not only California's most polarizing historical figure but also North America's first Spanish colonial saint.

Indians of North America --- Slavery and the church --- Indians, Treatment of --- Missions, Spanish --- Indians --- Church and slavery --- Church --- Missions --- History --- History. --- Government relations --- Serra, Junípero, --- Serra, Miguel José, --- Junípero, --- Serra, --- Serra, Juníper, --- Serra Ferrer, José, --- Serra Ferrer, Miguel José, --- Ferrer, Miguel José Serra, --- Franciscans --- Alcantarines --- Bernardyni --- Cordeliers --- Discalced Friars Minor --- Família Franciscana --- Frades Menores --- Frailes Menores --- Franciscains --- Franciscains mineurs --- Franciscan Discalceati --- Franciscan Order --- Franciscan Reformati --- Franciszkanie --- Frant︠s︡iskanskiĭ orden --- Frant︠s︡iskant︠s︡y --- Frati minori --- Fratres minores --- Frères mineurs --- Friars, Gray --- Friars Minor --- Gråbrøderne --- Gray Friars --- Grey Friars --- Mala braća --- Minderbrüder --- Minoriten --- Minorites --- O.F.M. --- Observants --- OFM --- Ojcowie Franciszkanie --- Ordem dos Frades Menores --- Ordem dos Franciscanos --- Ordem Franciscana --- Orden de Frailes Menores --- Orden de los Frailes Menores --- Orden Franciscana --- Orden sv. Frant︠s︡iska --- Order of Friars Minor --- Ordine dei Frati Minori --- Ordine dei minori --- Ordre des frères franciscains mineurs --- Ordo Fratrum Minorum --- Reformati --- Reformed Franciscans --- Seraphic Order --- Capuchins --- Conventuals --- Franciscan Recollects --- California --- Junípero Serra, saint, 1713-1784 --- Missions espagnoles -- Mexique --- Missions espagnoles -- Californie (États-Unis) --- Franciscains -- Mexique --- Franciscains -- Californie (États-Unis) --- Indiens d'Amérique -- Californie (États-Unis) --- Actes de congrès --- Iuniperus Serra --- 18th century. --- architecture. --- art. --- bible. --- california missions. --- california. --- canonization. --- catholicism. --- christianity. --- cloister. --- college of san fernando. --- colonial saint. --- conversion. --- historical figures. --- historical memory. --- historical men. --- history. --- indigenous peoples. --- indigenous religion. --- jose de paez. --- junipero serra. --- mexico. --- mission san carlos. --- mission style. --- missionary. --- monk. --- nonfiction. --- pope francis. --- religion. --- religious leaders. --- religious men. --- saint. --- sainthood. --- spain. --- spanish colony. --- spanish saint. --- state history.