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The body of research in this volume offers a detailed account of the success of young immersion learners of Irish in becoming competent speakers of the minority language. Taking account of in-class and out-of-class factors, it examines the variety of Irish spoken by the pupils, the extent to which the Irish spoken deviates from native-speaker norms, the degree to which pupils are aware of and attempt to acquire a native-like variety and the extent to which issues of identity and motivation are involved. The results highlight the limitations of an immersion system in generating active and accurate users of the language outside the immersion setting and will help immersion educators to gain a greater understanding of how young immersion learners learn and acquire the target language. The findings are placed in the context of other one-way immersion programmes internationally with a particular focus on minority language settings, and make an important contribution not only to our understanding of the Irish issues, but how the Irish situation can be placed in a broader scholarly and socio-political context.

Immersion method (Language teaching) --- Concentrated study. --- Irish language --- Language and education --- Language policy --- Education, Bilingual --- Study and teaching --- English speakers. --- CLIL. --- SLA. --- content-based learning. --- early language learning. --- immersion education. --- language planning. --- language revitalization . --- learners of Irish. --- minority language speakers. --- minority language. --- young immersion learners.

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This book investigates the maintenance of multilingualism and minority languages in 12 different minority communities across Europe, all of which are underrepresented in international minority language studies. The book presents a number of case studies covering a broad range of highly diverse minorities and languages with different historical and socio-political backgrounds. Despite current legislation and institutional and educational support, the authors surmise there is no guarantee for the maintenance of minority languages, suggesting changes in attitudes and language ideologies are the key to promoting true multilingualism. The book also introduces a new tool, the European Language Vitality Barometer, for assessing the maintenance of minority languages on the basis of survey data. The book is based on the European Language Diversity for All (ELDIA) research project which was funded by the European Commission (7th framework programme, 2010–2013).

Linguistic minorities --- Language and languages --- Language maintenance --- Language and culture --- Variation --- European Language Diversity for All. --- European Language Vitality Barometer. --- Finno-Ugric languages. --- Language legislation. --- Language policy. --- Minority language maintenance. --- Minority languages. --- Multilingualism.

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This book documents ongoing language shift to English among Latino professionals in California 67% of which studied Spanish formally in high school and 54% of which studied Spanish in college. Taking into account the recommendations about the teaching of Spanish as a heritage language made by these professionals, the book then describes current instructional practices used in the teaching of Spanish as an academic subject at the high school and university levels to “heritage” language students who, although educated entirely in English, acquired Spanish at home as their first language. The suggestions made by the Professionals concentrated almost exclusively on Spanish language maintenance (e.g., making cultural/historical connections; showing relevance and significance of language to students’ lives, teaching other subjects in Spanish, teaching legal, medical, business terms in Spanish). The study of goals currently guiding instruction for heritage speakers of Spanish at both the high school and the college levels, on the other hand, raise questions about the potential contribution of educational institutions to the maintenance and retention of Spanish among the current Spanish-speaking population of California.

Spanish language --- Hispanic Americans --- Hispanics (United States) --- Latino Americans --- Latinos (United States) --- Latinxs --- Spanish Americans in the United States --- Spanish-speaking people (United States) --- Spanish-surnamed people (United States) --- Ethnology --- Latin Americans --- Spanish Americans (Latin America) --- Castilian language --- Romance languages --- Study and teaching (Secondary) --- Study and teaching (Higher) --- Education --- Spanish. --- heritage language. --- language education. --- minority language.

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The notion of empire is associated with economic and political mechanisms of dominance. For the last decades, however, there has been a lively debate concerning the question whether this concept can be transferred to the field of linguistics, specifically to research on situations of language spread on the one hand and concomitant marginalization of minority languages on the other. The authors who contributed to this volume concur as to the applicability of the notion of empire to language-related issues. They address the processes, potential merits and drawbacks of language spread as well as the marginalization of minority languages, language endangerment and revitalization, contact-induced language change, the emergence of mixed languages, and identity issues. An emphasis is on the dominance of non-Western languages such as Arabic, Chinese, and, particularly, Russian. The studies demonstrate that the emergence, spread and decline of language empires is a promising area of research, particularly from a comparative perspective.

Language and languages --- Language and languages. --- Historical linguistics. --- Comparative linguistics. --- Foreign languages --- Languages --- Anthropology --- Communication --- Ethnology --- Information theory --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Philology --- Linguistics --- Comparative philology --- Philology, Comparative --- Historical linguistics --- Diachronic linguistics --- Dynamic linguistics --- Evolutionary linguistics --- Language and history --- Political aspects. --- History --- Language and languages Political aspects --- Political aspects --- Cultural Imperialism. --- Language Policy. --- Minority Language.

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Conflicting claims about culture are a familiar refrain of political life in the contemporary world. On one side, majorities seek to fashion the state in their own image, while on the other, cultural minorities press for greater recognition and accommodation. Theories of liberal democracy are at odds about the merits of these competing claims. Multicultural liberals hold that particular minority rights are a requirement of justice conceived of in a broadly liberal fashion. Critics, in turn, have questioned the motivations, coherence, and normative validity of such defenses of multiculturalism. In Equal Recognition, Alan Patten reasserts the case in favor of liberal multiculturalism by developing a new ethical defense of minority rights.Patten seeks to restate the case for liberal multiculturalism in a form that is responsive to the major concerns of critics. He describes a new, nonessentialist account of culture, and he rehabilitates and reconceptualizes the idea of liberal neutrality and uses this idea to develop a distinctive normative argument for minority rights. The book elaborates and applies its core theoretical framework by exploring several important contexts in which minority rights have been considered, including debates about language rights, secession, and immigrant integration.Demonstrating that traditional, nonmulticultural versions of liberalism are unsatisfactory, Equal Recognition will engage readers interested in connections among liberal democracy, nationalism, and current multicultural issues.

Minorities --- Civil rights. --- autonomy. --- cultural groups. --- cultural justice. --- cultural minorities. --- cultural policy. --- cultural preservation. --- cultural rights. --- culturalist liberalism. --- culture. --- dilemma. --- equal recognition. --- essentialism. --- full liberal proceduralism. --- immigrant integration. --- independent statehood. --- justice. --- language preservation. --- language rights. --- liberal democracy. --- liberal justice. --- liberal multiculturalism. --- liberal neutrality. --- liberal proceduralism. --- liberal state. --- minority cultural rights. --- minority culture. --- minority language rights. --- minority rights. --- multicultural liberals. --- multiculturalism. --- national minorities. --- nationalism. --- neutrality of treatment. --- neutrality. --- nonculturalist liberalism. --- nonessentialist. --- normative defense. --- plebiscitary theory. --- remedial rights. --- secession. --- self-government rights. --- self-government.