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Using household surveys and bank penetration data at the district-level in 2006 and 2009, this paper examines the impact of Equity Bank-a leading private commercial bank focusing on microfinance-on access to banking in Kenya. Unlike other commercial banks in Kenya, Equity Bank pursues distinct branching strategies that target underserved areas and less-privileged households. Equity Bank presence has a positive and significant impact on households' use of bank accounts and bank credit, especially for Kenyans with low income, no salaried job, and less education and those who do not own their own home. The findings are robust to using the district-level proportion of people speaking a minority language as an instrument for Equity Bank presence. It appears that Equity Bank's business model-providing financial services to population segments typically ignored by traditional commercial banks and generating sustainable profits in the process-can be a solution to the financial access problem that has hindered the development of inclusive financial sectors in many African countries.
Access to Finance --- Bank account --- Bank penetration --- Banks & Banking Reform --- Corporate Law --- Debt Markets --- Equity Bank --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Microfinance --- Minority language --- Private Sector Development --- Public Sector Corruption & Anticorruption Measures
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A reasonable evolution model is indispensable for the comprehensibility and justification of translation policy decisions. On the one hand, this model should take into account the general objectives of protecting a regional or minority language and, on the other, the findings of translation studies and the best practices of the translation industry. On the basis of these assumptions, the author derives possible lines of development for the various areas of translation policy with the help of the maturity model derived from organisational management. He also develops a comprehensive evaluation procedure: the Translation Policy Metrics Model (TPM). The exemplary implementation of this model is based on the example of the minority region of South Tyrol using two surveys, several personal interviews with leading personalities in the field of translation as well as by examining the existing sources of legislation. Peter Sandrini is a research assistant at the Institute for Translation Studies at the University of Innsbruck. His research focuses on legal translation, translation technology and terminology (www.petersandrini.net).
Translation & interpretation --- Literature: history & criticism --- Interdisciplinary studies --- minority --- minority language --- translation policy --- Translation Policy Metrics-Modell (TPM) --- translation technology policy --- translation industry --- South Tyrol --- Italian --- German --- Translating and interpreting. --- Linguistic minorities. --- Translating and interpreting --- Policies. --- Interpretation and translation --- Interpreting and translating --- Language and languages --- Literature --- Translation and interpretation --- Translators --- Minority languages --- Minoritized languages --- Minorities --- Sociolinguistics --- Translating --- Political aspects
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This book documents ongoing language shift to English among Latino professionals in California 67% of which studied Spanish formally in high school and 54% of which studied Spanish in college. Taking into account the recommendations about the teaching of Spanish as a heritage language made by these professionals, the book then describes current instructional practices used in the teaching of Spanish as an academic subject at the high school and university levels to “heritage” language students who, although educated entirely in English, acquired Spanish at home as their first language. The suggestions made by the Professionals concentrated almost exclusively on Spanish language maintenance (e.g., making cultural/historical connections; showing relevance and significance of language to students’ lives, teaching other subjects in Spanish, teaching legal, medical, business terms in Spanish). The study of goals currently guiding instruction for heritage speakers of Spanish at both the high school and the college levels, on the other hand, raise questions about the potential contribution of educational institutions to the maintenance and retention of Spanish among the current Spanish-speaking population of California.
Spanish language --- Hispanic Americans --- Hispanics (United States) --- Latino Americans --- Latinos (United States) --- Latinxs --- Spanish Americans in the United States --- Spanish-speaking people (United States) --- Spanish-surnamed people (United States) --- Ethnology --- Latin Americans --- Spanish Americans (Latin America) --- Castilian language --- Romance languages --- Study and teaching (Secondary) --- Study and teaching (Higher) --- Education --- Spanish. --- heritage language. --- language education. --- minority language.
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Language, Space, and Power describes the sociolinguistic and sociocultural life of a Spanish-English dual language classroom in which attention is given to not only the language learning processes at hand but also to how race, ethnicity, and gender dynamics interact within the language acquisition process.
Education, Bilingual. --- Language acquisition --- Acquisition of language --- Developmental linguistics --- Developmental psycholinguistics --- Language and languages --- Language development in children --- Psycholinguistics, Developmental --- Interpersonal communication in children --- Psycholinguistics --- Bilingual education --- Bilingualism --- Multilingual education --- Social aspects. --- Acquisition --- Language acquisition - Social aspects. --- bilingual education. --- bilingualism. --- minority language.
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The notion of empire is associated with economic and political mechanisms of dominance. For the last decades, however, there has been a lively debate concerning the question whether this concept can be transferred to the field of linguistics, specifically to research on situations of language spread on the one hand and concomitant marginalization of minority languages on the other. The authors who contributed to this volume concur as to the applicability of the notion of empire to language-related issues. They address the processes, potential merits and drawbacks of language spread as well as the marginalization of minority languages, language endangerment and revitalization, contact-induced language change, the emergence of mixed languages, and identity issues. An emphasis is on the dominance of non-Western languages such as Arabic, Chinese, and, particularly, Russian. The studies demonstrate that the emergence, spread and decline of language empires is a promising area of research, particularly from a comparative perspective.
Language and languages --- Language and languages. --- Historical linguistics. --- Comparative linguistics. --- Foreign languages --- Languages --- Anthropology --- Communication --- Ethnology --- Information theory --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Philology --- Linguistics --- Comparative philology --- Philology, Comparative --- Historical linguistics --- Diachronic linguistics --- Dynamic linguistics --- Evolutionary linguistics --- Language and history --- Political aspects. --- History --- Language and languages Political aspects --- Political aspects --- Cultural Imperialism. --- Language Policy. --- Minority Language.
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This book examines the role of attitude, motivation and identity in the process of learning a minority language. It presents mixed-method empirical research which investigates how attitude, motivation and identity in adult learners of a minority language are related to their awareness of, and commitment to, different dialects and varieties of the language as learning targets. Specifically, it is concerned with the attitudes of adult learners of Irish towards acquiring various traditional (Gaeltacht) and non-traditional (second language) varieties of the language. It explores the relationships that exist between these attitudes towards varieties and learners’ motivation and self-concept as second language speakers.
Irish language --- Second language acquisition --- Adult students --- Linguistic minorities --- Adult students. --- Second language acquisition Study and teaching --- Study and teaching --- Adult learners --- Students --- Minority languages --- Minoritized languages --- Language and languages --- Minorities --- Sociolinguistics --- Study and teaching. --- Political aspects --- Ireland. --- Airlann --- Airurando --- Éire --- Irish Republic --- Irland --- Irlanda --- Irlande --- Irlanti --- Írország --- Poblacht na hÉireann --- Republic of Ireland --- Irish. --- adult language learning. --- adult learners. --- gaeltacht. --- minority language. --- non-traditional varieties. --- target language varieties.
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This book provides an in-depth examination of minority language maintenance and loss within a group of first-generation Spanish-speaking families in the early-21st century, post-industrial, hyper-globalized US Midwest, an area that has a recent history of Latino settlement and has a low ethnolinguistic vitality for Spanish. It looks specifically at language ‘in the small spaces’, that is, everyday interactions within households and families, and gives a detailed account of the gendered nature of linguistic transmission in immigrant households, as well as offering insights into the sociolinguistic aspects of language contact dynamics. Starting with the question of why speakers choose to use and transmit their family language in communities with few opportunities to use it, this book presents the reader with a theoretical model of language maintenance in low vitality settings. It incorporates mothers’ voices and perspectives on mothering, their families’ well-being, and their role in cultural/linguistic transmission and compares the self-perceptions, motivations, attitudes and language acquisition histories of members of two generations within the same household. It will appeal to researchers and educators interested in bilingualism, language maintenance and family language dynamics as well as to those working in the areas of education, immigration and sociology.
Hispanic Americans --- Bilingualism --- Language maintenance --- Language and languages --- Language loyalty --- Maintenance of language --- Sociolinguistics --- Languages in contact --- Multilingualism --- Hispanics (United States) --- Latino Americans --- Latinos (United States) --- Latinxs --- Spanish Americans in the United States --- Spanish-speaking people (United States) --- Spanish-surnamed people (United States) --- Ethnology --- Latin Americans --- Spanish Americans (Latin America) --- Languages --- Maintenance --- Bilingualism. --- Heritage language. --- Language maintenance. --- Latino . --- Minority language. --- Spanish in the United States. --- Spanish/English bilingual communities. --- US Spanish . --- bilingual household dynamics. --- language contact dynamics. --- language in immigrant households. --- language in the home. --- language maintenance and shift. --- sociolinguistics.
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Studies in the fields of bilingualism and second language acquisition have shown that both cognitive and affective psychological factors can influence individuals’ bilingual speech production. More recently, both experimental and variationist studies of bilingual communities have examined the role of social factors on bilinguals’ speech, particularly in cases of long-term language contact and minority-language bilingualism. The Special Issue brings together work on the psychological and/or social factors that influence bilingual speech production as well as work that uses different methodological frameworks. We examine the role of such factors on bilingual speech production in diverse contexts, in order to provide a more holistic account of the ways in which extra-linguistic influences may affect bilinguals’ speech in one or both of their languages.
new speakers --- accent identification --- sociolinguistic awareness --- bilingual speech processing --- Galician phonetics --- minority languages --- first language attrition --- second language acquisition --- sequential bilingualism --- voice onset time --- vowel formants --- speech development --- English --- (Austrian) German --- phonetics --- maternal acculturation --- maternal enculturation --- speech sound production --- Spanish-English bilingual preschoolers --- speech production --- accent --- pronunciation --- minority language bilingualism --- global foreign accent --- accent rating --- heritage language --- majority language --- preschool children --- school children --- Russian --- German --- language variation --- bilingualism --- phonological transfer --- Welsh --- Welsh English --- VOT --- Portuguese --- L1 attrition --- speech --- code-switching --- Austrian German --- phonetic drift --- apocope --- vowel centralization --- vowel reduction --- variationist sociolinguistics --- Calabrese --- Italian --- length of residence --- foreign domestic helper --- foreign accent --- naturalistic adult acquisition --- L2 speech performance --- n/a
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Studies in the fields of bilingualism and second language acquisition have shown that both cognitive and affective psychological factors can influence individuals’ bilingual speech production. More recently, both experimental and variationist studies of bilingual communities have examined the role of social factors on bilinguals’ speech, particularly in cases of long-term language contact and minority-language bilingualism. The Special Issue brings together work on the psychological and/or social factors that influence bilingual speech production as well as work that uses different methodological frameworks. We examine the role of such factors on bilingual speech production in diverse contexts, in order to provide a more holistic account of the ways in which extra-linguistic influences may affect bilinguals’ speech in one or both of their languages.
Language --- new speakers --- accent identification --- sociolinguistic awareness --- bilingual speech processing --- Galician phonetics --- minority languages --- first language attrition --- second language acquisition --- sequential bilingualism --- voice onset time --- vowel formants --- speech development --- English --- (Austrian) German --- phonetics --- maternal acculturation --- maternal enculturation --- speech sound production --- Spanish-English bilingual preschoolers --- speech production --- accent --- pronunciation --- minority language bilingualism --- global foreign accent --- accent rating --- heritage language --- majority language --- preschool children --- school children --- Russian --- German --- language variation --- bilingualism --- phonological transfer --- Welsh --- Welsh English --- VOT --- Portuguese --- L1 attrition --- speech --- code-switching --- Austrian German --- phonetic drift --- apocope --- vowel centralization --- vowel reduction --- variationist sociolinguistics --- Calabrese --- Italian --- length of residence --- foreign domestic helper --- foreign accent --- naturalistic adult acquisition --- L2 speech performance --- new speakers --- accent identification --- sociolinguistic awareness --- bilingual speech processing --- Galician phonetics --- minority languages --- first language attrition --- second language acquisition --- sequential bilingualism --- voice onset time --- vowel formants --- speech development --- English --- (Austrian) German --- phonetics --- maternal acculturation --- maternal enculturation --- speech sound production --- Spanish-English bilingual preschoolers --- speech production --- accent --- pronunciation --- minority language bilingualism --- global foreign accent --- accent rating --- heritage language --- majority language --- preschool children --- school children --- Russian --- German --- language variation --- bilingualism --- phonological transfer --- Welsh --- Welsh English --- VOT --- Portuguese --- L1 attrition --- speech --- code-switching --- Austrian German --- phonetic drift --- apocope --- vowel centralization --- vowel reduction --- variationist sociolinguistics --- Calabrese --- Italian --- length of residence --- foreign domestic helper --- foreign accent --- naturalistic adult acquisition --- L2 speech performance
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Confrontés à une réalité linguistique sensiblement analogue, les États français, italien et espagnol n’ont pas apporté la même réponse juridique à la question des langues régionales ou minoritaires. Cette divergence des solutions s’explique principalement par une conception différente du principe d’indivisibilité de part et d’autre des Alpes et des Pyrénées. Alors que la France consacre l’unité linguistique comme vecteur de son unité nationale, l’Italie et l’Espagne ont, dans le cadre de leur unité, reconnu un pluralisme linguistique. La différence de solutions démontre également une différence d’approche. Si elle a longtemps été traitée sous le seul angle institutionnel, la question des langues régionales ou minoritaires se pose aujourd’hui davantage en termes de droits fondamentaux. Il ne s’agit plus tant d’accorder un statut à ces langues mais de reconnaître à leurs locuteurs des droits linguistiques. L’émergence de cette approche substantielle invite la France à repenser la question des langues régionales ou minoritaires et ce, dans sa Constitution.
Linguistic rights --- Constitutional law --- Droits linguistiques --- Droit constitutionnel --- Linguistic minorities --- Language and languages --- Legal status, laws, etc --- Law and legislation --- BPB0904 --- Langue régionale --- Langue minoritaire --- Streektaal --- Minderheidstaal --- Language policy --- France --- Spain --- Italy --- Minority languages --- Minorities --- Sociolinguistics --- Foreign languages --- Languages --- Anthropology --- Communication --- Ethnology --- Information theory --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Philology --- Linguistics --- língua regional --- regionalt språk --- regionálny jazyk --- reģionālā valoda --- regionális nyelv --- regioninė kalba --- lingua regionale --- регионален език --- gjuhë rajonale --- regionální jazyk --- lingwa reġjonali --- limbaj regional --- τοπική γλώσσα --- Regionalsprache --- регионални језик --- regionaalkeel --- lengua regional --- regional language --- język regionalny --- alueellinen kieli --- regionalt sprog --- regionalni jezik --- streektaal --- регионален јазик --- místní mluva --- дијалект --- interdialekt --- lengua autonómica --- dialekt --- dialect --- nadnářečí --- oblastní jazyk --- nářečí --- језик мањина --- малцинствен език --- lingwa minoritarja --- малцински јазик --- teanga mhionlaigh --- mažumos kalba --- μειονοτική γλώσσα --- mazākumtautības valoda --- minoritetsspråk --- kisebbségi nyelv --- lingua minoritaria --- limbaj minoritar --- gjuhë pakice --- lengua minoritaria --- língua minoritária --- manjšinski jezik --- Minderheitssprache --- vähemuskeel --- minderheidstaal --- vähemmistökieli --- minoritetssprog --- minority language --- menšinový jazyk --- język mniejszości --- manjinski jezik --- disappearing language --- język zagrożony wymarciem --- uhanalainen kieli --- lengua en peligro de desaparición --- hotat språk --- limbă în curs de dispariție --- veszélyeztetett nyelvek --- застрашен език --- lingwa li qiegħda tisparixxi --- limbă amenințată de dispariție --- langue menacée --- miznúci jazyk --- izzūdoša valoda --- kihalófélben lévő nyelvek --- ohrozený jazyk --- γλώσσα απειλούμενη με εξαφάνιση --- mizející jazyk --- teanga i mbaol --- langue en voie de disparition --- lingua in pericolo --- lingua in via di estinzione --- jezik manjine --- ogroženi jezik --- língua ameaçada de extinção --- izumirući jezik --- minoritní jazyk --- gefährdete Sprache --- vaarassa oleva kieli --- lingua a rischio di estinzione --- kalba, kuriai kyla grėsmė išnykti --- ohustatud keel --- lingwa mhedda --- kalba, kuriai gresia pavojus išnykti --- mionteanga --- langue en péril --- aussterbende Sprache --- sterk bedreigde taal --- língua em perigo de extinção --- изчезващ език --- bedreigde taal --- forsvindende sprog --- kihaló nyelvek --- заплашен от изчезване език --- langue en voie d'extinction --- apdraudēta valoda --- threatened language --- јазик на малцинство --- udryddelsestruet sprog --- izginjajoči jezik --- limbă în pericol de dispariție --- katoamisvaarassa oleva kieli --- ugroženi jezik --- truet sprog --- lingua a rischio --- endangered language --- απειλούμενη γλώσσα --- lingwa fil-periklu --- bedrohte Sprache --- γλώσσα υπό εξαφάνιση --- verdwijnende taal --- eltűnő nyelvek --- ohrožený jazyk --- jazyk národnostní menšiny --- zanikający język --- katoava kieli --- língua em vias de extinção --- nykstanti kalba --- Political aspects --- teanga réigiúnach --- Linguistic minorities - Legal status, laws, etc - France --- Linguistic minorities - Legal status, laws, etc - Spain --- Linguistic minorities - Legal status, laws, etc - Italy --- Language and languages - Law and legislation - France --- Language and languages - Law and legislation - Spain --- Language and languages - Law and legislation - Italy --- Minoritized languages --- Langue régionale --- Minorités linguistiques --- Politique linguistique --- Droits de l'homme --- Études comparatives --- Italie --- Espagne
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