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The facts and events that have shaped the strengths of the Peruvian mining industry are well established. Private mining investment has flowed in during the last decade, making Peru the second most popular destination for mining investment in Latin America. Peru has increased its annual copper production five times from approximately half a million to two and a half million metric tons of fine copper, moving from being only a major producer of gold to becoming also the second largest producer of copper in the world. The mining sector needs to create the necessary conditions, within a context of social legitimacy, to move forward successfully with the development of an extensive mining project pipeline. The country now faces the challenge of improving the sector's policies and management to guarantee its long-term contribution to the country's sustainable development. The government also faces the major challenge of artisanal and small-scale mining formalization and elimination of illegal mining, which has destroyed Amazon jungle with mercury, especially in the Amazonian Madre de Dios region. The Mining Sector Diagnostic (MSD) is a tool that the World Bank has developed to analyze the rules and policies that exist in the mining sector and the gap between these rules and their implementation in practice. It reviews sector performance from the perspective of the three main stakeholder groups , and analyzes their priorities to improve mining sector performance.

Energy --- Industry --- Licensing --- Mining Sector

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With a focus on the institutional set-up and the political environment as central to understanding and rectifying the poor impact of mining on Ghana's economic development, this paper highlights the vulnerabilities in mining sector governance along the industry value chain. The authors explain why it has been difficult to implement policies that would have improved social welfare. They find that incentive problems in institutions directly or peripherally involved in mining governance are a major factor, as are an excessively centralized policy-making process, a powerful executive president, strong party loyalty, a system of political patronage, lack of transparency, and weak institutional capacity at the political and regulatory levels. The paper argues that the net impact of mining on economic development is likely to be enhanced with appropriate reforms in governance. Most importantly, there should be a greater awareness of incentive problems at the political level and their possible implications for sector performance and the economy at large. The set of checks and balances, as stipulated by the Constitution, have to be reinforced. Furthermore, capacity building at different levels and institutions is needed and should be combined with efforts to enhance incentives for institutional performance.

Economic Development --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Governance Indicators --- Industry --- Mining & Extractive Industry (Non-Energy) --- Mining Sector --- National Governance --- Political Economy --- Political Environment --- Political Patronage --- Public Sector Corruption & Anticorruption Measures --- Public Sector Development

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The paper concludes that world copper prices play an important role in short-term fluctuations and probably influence long-term growth of the Chilean economy. While many mechanisms may be at work, investment seems to play a major role. In a copper price boom, the higher copper price and associated capital inflows create upward pressure on the real exchange rate. The appreciation of the Chilean peso during the first part of the copper cycle contributes to lower inflation, which could partly explain why real wages grow more rapidly in this part of the cycle.

Investments: Metals --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Natural Resource Extraction --- Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Metals and Metal Products --- Cement --- Glass --- Ceramics --- Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction: General --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Investment & securities --- Extractive industries --- Economic growth --- Metal prices --- Copper --- Mining sector --- Business cycles --- Prices --- Commodities --- Economic sectors --- Metals --- Mineral industries --- Chile

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By the end of 2007, Chile's total factor productivity was lower than ten years earlier, a performance that contrasted sharply with the previous decade, when productivity grew by a cumulative 30 percent. This paper assesses productivity trends in Chile, by decomposing productivity into investment-specific technological change (associated with improvements in the quality of capital) and neutral technological change (related to the organization of productive activities). It concludes that investment-specific technological improvements have contributed significantly to long-term growth in Chile, in line with trends observed in other net commodity exporters, while neutral technological change has been slow.

Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Natural Resource Extraction --- Production and Operations Management --- Macroeconomics: Production --- Production --- Cost --- Capital and Total Factor Productivity --- Capacity --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Extractive industries --- Productivity --- Total factor productivity --- Production growth --- Public expenditure review --- Mining sector --- Industrial productivity --- Economic theory --- Expenditures, Public --- Mineral industries --- Chile

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This Selected Issues paper examines recent economic developments in Sierra Leone. The paper highlights that the economic recovery in Sierra Leone has benefited especially from the extensive rehabilitation and humanitarian activities in liberated areas. Real GDP growth rose by 4 percent in 2000 and accelerated further in 2001 and 2002. The paper lays out some conceptual issues for the analysis of government debt sustainability, and discusses key issues related to long-term fiscal sustainability. The challenges ahead for rehabilitating Sierra Leone’s mining sector are also examined.

Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Natural Resource Extraction --- Natural Resources --- Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction: General --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation: General --- Fiscal Policy --- Extractive industries --- Public finance & taxation --- Environmental management --- Mining sector --- Public debt --- Non-renewable resources --- Fiscal stance --- Domestic debt --- Economic sectors --- Environment --- Fiscal policy --- Mineral industries --- Debts, Public --- Natural resources --- Sierra Leone