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The purpose of this Special Issue “Cow’s Milk and Allergy” is to provide an overview of the association of cow’s milk with allergy. This topic has two quite different faces. On the one hand, we are all aware of the importance of cow’s milk allergy in early life. What is less known is that the consumption of raw, unprocessed milk is associated with a lower incidence of asthma and rhinitis. This Special Issue takes a closer look at all of these aspects of cow’s milk and allergy and focus on the following questions:

animal models --- milk allergen --- allergenicity --- camel milk --- immune regulation --- epigenetics --- human breast milk --- milk processing --- CAP-FEIA (Fluorescence Enzyme Immunoassay) --- immune system --- raw milk --- multiplex dot test --- Middle-East --- alkaline phosphatase --- cow’s milk allergy --- polygenic risk score --- tolerance --- hydrolysate --- CML --- infant formula --- miRNA-150 --- milk --- allergy --- casein --- asthma --- partial hydrolysate --- Immunoglubuline E --- molecular diagnosis --- allergic march --- delayed-type hypersensitivity --- allergenicity modulation --- prebiotics --- processing --- sRAGE --- histone acetylation --- dietary intervention --- probiotics --- cow’s milk --- Cow’s milk allergy (CMA) --- cow’s milk protein allergy --- farming effect --- protection --- anaphylaxis --- aggregation --- IgE binding --- natural history --- epidemiology --- prevalence --- infant allergy --- basophil activation test (BAT) --- ?-lactoglobulin --- step-down --- sensitization pattern --- extracellular vesicles --- cell-mediated reactions --- proteomics --- prevention of cow’s milk allergy --- therapy --- raw cow’s milk --- baked milk --- immune cells --- food allergy --- gut microbiota --- allergic diseases --- glycation --- bioactive peptides --- infant feeding --- cow’s milk allergens --- treatment of cow’s milk allergy --- formula --- genome-wide association --- diagnosis of cow’s milk allergy

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Food allergy, a specific immune response that occurs reproducibly upon exposure to a food allergen, is an increasing public health problem, causing a significant burden for affected patients, resulting in dietary restrictions, fear of accidental ingestions and related risk of severe reactions, and reduced quality of life. Clinical presentation ranges from mild to life-threatening symptoms. Component-resolved diagnosis with recombinant allergens has improved the diagnosis and, consequently, clinical management. Currently, there is no specific treatment for food allergy, so the only available management is limited to strict dietary avoidance, education on prompt recognition of symptoms, and emergency treatment of adverse reaction. In parallel, novel knowledge on the pathogenesis of food allergy is opening the way to new trials investigating several allergen-specific and allergen non-specific therapies, aiming to prevent the development of food allergy and acquire a persistent food tolerance.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Food & society --- children --- adolescents --- eosinophilic esophagitis --- eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders --- growth --- failure to thrive --- malnutrition --- undernutrition --- obesity --- vitamin --- non-IgE gastrointestinal food allergy --- fecal biomarkers --- IgG and IgG4 --- allergen-specific lymphocyte stimulation test --- oral food challenge --- atopy patch test --- clinical score --- endoscopy --- reflux --- GER --- GERD --- cow’s milk allergy --- CMA --- infants --- hydrolyzed formula --- alginate --- thickened formula --- cross-reaction --- flour --- food allergy --- individualized diagnostics --- legumes --- lupine --- lipid transfer protein --- peanut --- profilin --- hazelnut --- hypersensitivity --- component-resolved diagnostics --- Cor a 1 --- Cor a 14 --- Cor a 9 --- IgE --- allergy --- environmental factors --- primary prevention --- functional abdominal pain disorders --- functional dyspepsia --- irritable bowel syndrome --- allergen --- sensitization --- Gly m 4 --- Caco-2/Immune cells co-culture --- cytokine --- nsLTP --- plant-food allergy --- Pru p 3 --- peach --- nut --- Rosaceae fruit --- ISAC --- monoclonal antibodies --- biologics --- adults --- almond --- almond allergens --- nutrition