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From the establishment of NATO in 1949, Western Europe has been under Anglo-American tutelage in military and security matters. Several countries, most notably France and (since reunification) Germany, have experienced this as a hindrance to the pursuit of their particular interests. Since 2008, the European Commission has actively joined the quest for 'strategic autonomy' within NATO. The elections of Donald Trump and Emmanuel Macron in 2016-17 further widened the Atlantic rift, while the COVID-19 crisis with its colossal economic costs has, in turn, exacerbated the already worsening geopolitical tensions with sates like Russia and China. With chapters on the politics and economics of European defence, on France, Germany, and Russia, the EU's energy provision, the militarization of migration control, and the restructuring of the transatlantic bond, this volume offers an up-to-date, critical assessment of the militarization of European integration, written by established scholars in the fields of international relations and security studies.

EU--MILITARY POLICY --- EU--DEFENSES --- MILITARIZATION--EU

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In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson insisted that 'the policeman is the frontline soldier in our war against crime,' and police forces, arms makers, policy makers, and crime experts heeded this call to arms, bringing weapons and practices from the arena of war back home. 'The Punitive Turn in American Life' offers a political and cultural history of the ways in which punishment and surveillance have moved to the center of American life and become imbued with militarized language and policies.

Criminal justice, Administration of --- Punishment. --- Militarization. --- Political aspects --- History

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This volume is the first to study the phenomenon of early medieval militarisation from a wide geographic and disciplinary perspective. It explores the impact of an enhanced role attributed to warfare and the military as characteristic features of a European world in the process of becoming medieval.

Armées --- Histoire militaire --- Militarization --- Civilisation médiévale. --- Military archaeology. --- Civilization, Medieval. --- Moyen âge. --- History --- Militarization. --- Civilisation médiévale

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For South Koreans, the twenty years from the early 1960s to late 1970s were the best and worst of times-a period of unprecedented economic growth and of political oppression that deepened as prosperity spread. In this masterly account, Carter J. Eckert finds the roots of South Korea's dramatic socioeconomic transformation in the country's long history of militarization-a history personified in South Korea's paramount leader, Park Chung Hee. The first volume of a comprehensive two-part history, Park Chung Hee and Modern Korea: The Roots of Militarism, 1866-1945 reveals how the foundations of the dynamic but strongly authoritarian Korean state that emerged under Park were laid during the period of Japanese occupation. As a cadet in the Manchurian Military Academy, Park and his fellow officers absorbed the Imperial Japanese Army's ethos of victory at all costs and absolute obedience to authority. Japanese military culture decisively shaped Korea's postwar generation of military leaders. When Park seized power in an army coup in 1961, he brought this training and mentality to bear on the project of Korean modernization. Korean society under Park exuded a distinctively martial character, Eckert shows. Its hallmarks included the belief that the army should intervene in politics in times of crisis; that a central authority should plan and monitor the country's economic system; that the Korean people's "can do" spirit would allow them to overcome any challenge; and that the state should maintain a strong disciplinary presence in society, reserving the right to use violence to maintain order.

Militarization --- History. --- Park, Chung Hee, --- Korea (South) --- Politics and government --- History

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Federal Law Enforcement in the United States --- Waco, Texas --- 1993 --- militarization of law enforcement in America --- the Branch Davidians