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The main objective of this paper is to provide estimates of the cost of moving out of subsistence for Madagascar's farmers. The analysis is based on a simple asset-return model of occupational choice. Estimates suggest that the entry (sunk) cost associated with moving out of subsistence can be quite large - somewhere between 124 and 153 percent of a subsistence farmer's annual production. Our results make it possible to identify farm characteristics likely to generate large gains, if moved out of subsistence, yielding useful information for the targeting of trade-adjustment assistance programs.

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The complex relationships between altruists, beneficiaries, and brokers in the global effort to fight AIDS in AfricaIn the wake of the AIDS pandemic, legions of organizations and compassionate individuals descended on Africa from faraway places to offer their help and save lives. A Fraught Embrace shows how the dreams of these altruists became entangled with complex institutional and human relationships. Ann Swidler and Susan Cotts Watkins vividly describe the often mismatched expectations and fantasies of those who seek to help, of the villagers who desperately seek help, and of the brokers on whom both Western altruists and impoverished villagers must rely.Based on years of fieldwork in the heavily AIDS-affected country of Malawi, this powerful book digs into the sprawling AIDS enterprise and unravels the paradoxes of AIDS policy and practice. All who want to do good-from idealistic volunteers to world-weary development professionals-depend on brokers as guides, fixers, and cultural translators. These irreplaceable but frequently unseen local middlemen are the human connection between altruists' dreams and the realities of global philanthropy.The mutual misunderstandings among donors, brokers, and villagers-each with their own desires and moral imaginations-create all the drama of a romance: longing, exhilaration, disappointment, heartache, and sometimes an enduring connection. Personal stories, public scandals, and intersecting, sometimes clashing fantasies bring the lofty intentions of AIDS altruism firmly down to earth.Swidler and Watkins ultimately argue that altruists could accomplish more good, not by seeking to transform African lives but by helping Africans achieve their own goals. A Fraught Embrace unveils the tangled relations of those involved in the collective struggle to contain an epidemic.

Voluntarism --- Antiretroviral agents --- Non-governmental organizations --- HIV infections --- AIDS (Disease) --- Anti-retroviral agents --- Antiretroviral drugs --- Antiretrovirals --- Antiviral agents --- INGOs (International agencies) --- International non-governmental organizations --- NGOs (International agencies) --- Nongovernmental organizations --- Organizations, Non-governmental (International agencies) --- Private and voluntary organizations (International agencies) --- PVOs (International agencies) --- International agencies --- Nonprofit organizations --- HIV (Viruses) infections --- HTLV-III infections --- HTLV-III-LAV infections --- Human T-lymphotropic virus III infections --- Lentivirus infections --- Sexually transmitted diseases --- Acquired immune deficiency syndrome --- Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome --- Acquired immunological deficiency syndrome --- Immunological deficiency syndromes --- Virus-induced immunosuppression --- Voluntary action --- Volunteer work --- Volunteering --- Volunteerism --- National service --- Associations, institutions, etc. --- Social aspects --- Patients --- Services for --- AIDS altruism. --- AIDS enterprise. --- AIDS money. --- AIDS organizations. --- AIDS pandemic. --- AIDS policy. --- AIDS. --- Africa. --- African aid. --- Africans. --- Global Fund. --- HIV virus. --- HIV. --- Malawi. --- Malawian brokers. --- Malawians. --- NGOs. --- PEPFAR. --- Save the Children. --- USAID. --- Unites States. --- aid chain. --- altruism. --- altruists. --- beneficiary. --- bilateral donors. --- brokers. --- career aspirations. --- counseling. --- cultural practices. --- donors. --- economic mobility. --- education. --- epidemic. --- evaluation. --- fighting stigma. --- foreign altruists. --- funders. --- global AIDS system. --- global philanthropy. --- guides. --- harmful practices. --- institutional altruists. --- journalists. --- lock donors. --- malice. --- merit. --- middlemen. --- miracles. --- mutual aid. --- orphans. --- poverty. --- project evaluation. --- routinized activities. --- sexual practices. --- testimonials. --- training. --- villagers. --- vulnerable women.