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In the United States, much of the research is focused on developing new and very expensive technologies and drugs - often without a major therapeutic benefit. In resource limited countries, basic oncology care is frequently lacking. In addition, the benefits of various chemo-radiotherapy combinations for a number of malignancies are unknown as these populations have not been adequately investigated. For oncologists in these countries who have marginal to adequate resources, accrual to clinical trials is virtually non-existent to minimal, due to the complexities of their population and competing co-morbidities. As a result, there is a tremendous disparity in treatment outcomes for these populations, compared to those in developed countries. Therefore, we have asked a number of oncologists from different parts of the world to report their experience. Topics that will be covered include locally advanced breast and cervical cancer (India, South Africa), human resources for cancer control in India, systematic review of radiation resources in low and middle income countries, planning national radiotherapy services, building sustainable partnerships through the newly formed ICEC (International Cancer Export Corps), cancer disparities among American Indians, and training radiation oncologists in these under served parts of the world. Authors will discuss "lessons learned" from their populations, practical suggestions to address these disparities, and how we as a global oncology community can address, and mitigate these global challenges. The editorial by Dr. Coleman and myself highlights the invaluable contributions from our global contributors. Thank you for taking the time to read this special issue on global cancer disparities. We are all energized to begin addressing the needs of our cancer patients worldwide.

low middle income countries --- Radiation Oncology --- International Cancer Export Corps --- national radiotherapy services --- cancer disparities

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In the United States, much of the research is focused on developing new and very expensive technologies and drugs - often without a major therapeutic benefit. In resource limited countries, basic oncology care is frequently lacking. In addition, the benefits of various chemo-radiotherapy combinations for a number of malignancies are unknown as these populations have not been adequately investigated. For oncologists in these countries who have marginal to adequate resources, accrual to clinical trials is virtually non-existent to minimal, due to the complexities of their population and competing co-morbidities. As a result, there is a tremendous disparity in treatment outcomes for these populations, compared to those in developed countries. Therefore, we have asked a number of oncologists from different parts of the world to report their experience. Topics that will be covered include locally advanced breast and cervical cancer (India, South Africa), human resources for cancer control in India, systematic review of radiation resources in low and middle income countries, planning national radiotherapy services, building sustainable partnerships through the newly formed ICEC (International Cancer Export Corps), cancer disparities among American Indians, and training radiation oncologists in these under served parts of the world. Authors will discuss "lessons learned" from their populations, practical suggestions to address these disparities, and how we as a global oncology community can address, and mitigate these global challenges. The editorial by Dr. Coleman and myself highlights the invaluable contributions from our global contributors. Thank you for taking the time to read this special issue on global cancer disparities. We are all energized to begin addressing the needs of our cancer patients worldwide.

low middle income countries --- Radiation Oncology --- International Cancer Export Corps --- national radiotherapy services --- cancer disparities --- low middle income countries --- Radiation Oncology --- International Cancer Export Corps --- national radiotherapy services --- cancer disparities

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Economic development is a process of continuous industrial and technological upgrading in which any country, regardless of its level of development, can succeed if it develops industries that are consistent with its comparative advantage, determined by its endowment structure. The secret winning formula for developing countries is to exploit the latecomer advantage by building up industries that are growing dynamically in more advanced fast growing countries that have endowment structures similar to theirs. By following carefully selected lead countries, latecomers can emulate the leader-follower, flying-geese pattern that has served well successfully catching-up economies since the 18th century. The emergence of large middle-income countries such as China, India, and Brazil as new growth poles in the world, and their dynamic growth and climbing of the industrial ladder, offer an unprecedented opportunity to all developing economies with income levels currently below theirs-including those in Sub-Saharan Africa. Having itself been a "follower goose," China is on the verge of graduating from low-skilled manufacturing jobs and becoming a "leading dragon." That will free up nearly 100 million labor-intensive manufacturing jobs, enough to more than quadruple manufacturing employment in low-income countries. A similar trend is emerging in other middle-income growth poles. The lower-income countries that can formulate and implement a viable strategy to capture this new industrialization opportunity will set forth on a dynamic path of structural change that can lead to poverty reduction and prosperity.

Achieving Shared Growth --- Economic Development --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Endowment Structure --- Industrialization --- Industry --- Inequality --- Labor Policies --- Labor-Intensive Manufacturing Jobs --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Middle-Income Countries

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Economic development is a process of continuous industrial and technological upgrading in which any country, regardless of its level of development, can succeed if it develops industries that are consistent with its comparative advantage, determined by its endowment structure. The secret winning formula for developing countries is to exploit the latecomer advantage by building up industries that are growing dynamically in more advanced fast growing countries that have endowment structures similar to theirs. By following carefully selected lead countries, latecomers can emulate the leader-follower, flying-geese pattern that has served well successfully catching-up economies since the 18th century. The emergence of large middle-income countries such as China, India, and Brazil as new growth poles in the world, and their dynamic growth and climbing of the industrial ladder, offer an unprecedented opportunity to all developing economies with income levels currently below theirs-including those in Sub-Saharan Africa. Having itself been a "follower goose," China is on the verge of graduating from low-skilled manufacturing jobs and becoming a "leading dragon." That will free up nearly 100 million labor-intensive manufacturing jobs, enough to more than quadruple manufacturing employment in low-income countries. A similar trend is emerging in other middle-income growth poles. The lower-income countries that can formulate and implement a viable strategy to capture this new industrialization opportunity will set forth on a dynamic path of structural change that can lead to poverty reduction and prosperity.

Achieving Shared Growth --- Economic Development --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Endowment Structure --- Industrialization --- Industry --- Inequality --- Labor Policies --- Labor-Intensive Manufacturing Jobs --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Middle-Income Countries

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Natural disasters could constitute a major shock to public finances and debt sustainability because of their impact on output and the need for reconstruction and relief expenses. This paper uses a panel vector autoregressive model to systematically estimate the impact of geological, climatic, and other types of natural disasters on government expenditures and revenues using annual data for high and middle-income countries over 1975-2008. The authors find that, on average budget, deficits increase only after climatic disasters, but for lower-middle-income countries, the increase in deficits is widespread across all events. Disasters do not lead to larger deficit increases or larger output declines in countries with higher initial government debt. Countries with higher financial development suffer smaller real consequences from disasters, but deficits expand further in these countries. Disasters in countries with high insurance penetration also have smaller real consequences but do not result in deficit expansions. From an ex-post perspective, the availability of insurance offers the best mitigation approach against real and fiscal consequences of disasters.

Access to Finance --- Budget Deficit --- Debt Markets --- Disaster Management --- Economic Theory & Research --- Environment --- Fiscal Insurance --- Fiscal Sustainability --- High and Middle Income Countries --- Natural Disasters