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Is there a "middle income trap"? Theory suggests that the determinants of growth at low and high income levels may be different. If countries struggle to transition from growth strategies that are effective at low income levels to growth strategies that are effective at high income levels, they may stagnate at some middle income level; this phenomenon can be thought of as a "middle income trap." This paper does not find evidence for (unusual) stagnation at any particular middle income level. However, it does find evidence that the determinants of growth at low and high income levels differ. These findings suggest a mixed conclusion: middle-income countries may need to change growth strategies to transition smoothly to high-income growth strategies, but this can be done smoothly and does not imply the existence of a middle income trap.

Determinants Of Growth --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Fiscal & Monetary Policy --- Income --- Inequality --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Middle Income Trap --- Poverty Reduction --- Private Sector Development

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This open access book explores one of the most fiercely debated issues in China: if and how China will surpass the middle income trap that has plagued many developing countries for years. This book gives readers a clear picture of China today and acts as a reference for other developing countries. China is facing many setbacks and experiencing an economic slowdown in recent years due to some serious issues, and income inequality is one such issue deferring China’s development potential by creating a middle income trap. This book thoroughly investigates both the unpromising factors and favorable conditions for China to overcome the trap. It illustrates that traps may be encountered at any stage of development and argues that political stability is the prerequisite to creating a favorable environment for economic development and addressing this “middle income trap”. Written by one of China's central planners, this book offers precious insights into the industrial policies that are transforming China and the world and will be of interest to China scholars, economists and political scientists. Shaojie Zhou received his Ph.D. degree in Economics from the Chinese University of Hong Kong in 2007. Currently, Zhou serves as the associate professor of School of Public Policy and Management, the deputy director of the Institute for International Development and Global Governance at the school and a research fellow at the Institute of Contemporary China Studies at Tsinghua University, China. His research interests include development research and policy, the Chinese economy, international development, and global governance. Angang Hu now serves as the Professor of the Institute of State and Global Governance, Dean of the Institute of Contemporary China Studies, at Tsinghua University, China. He was a member of the Advisory Committee for the Thirteenth, Twelfth and Eleventh Five-Year Plans under the National Development and Reform Commission.

Asia—Economic conditions. --- Asia—Politics and government. --- Macroeconomics. --- Asian Economics. --- Asian Politics. --- Macroeconomics/Monetary Economics//Financial Economics. --- Economics --- Asian Economics --- Asian Politics --- Macroeconomics/Monetary Economics//Financial Economics --- Economy-wide Country Studies --- Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics --- Open access --- Chinese economy --- 13th five Year Plan --- Middle Income Trap --- Made in China 2025 --- Industrial Policy --- Politics & government --- Asia --- Macroeconomics --- Monetary economics

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Today's news media displays an intense fascination with the global economy--and for good reason. The degree of worldwide economic integration is unprecedented, and rising globalization has lifted living standards and reduced poverty. Foreign markets and new technologies continue to present opportunities for entrepreneurs and corporations. Still, economic shocks can spread across the world in minutes, impacting billions of lives. Citizens are understandably anxious in this age of macroeconomic turbulence and overextended governments. Modern economics offers a powerful framework for understanding globalization, international trade, and economic growth. Many managers possess years of hands-on experience dealing with business cycles and foreign competitive pressures, yet these leaders may not have a solid grounding in economic concepts that shed light on the forces of globalization. This book explains economics in everyday language, using little or no math, giving businesspersons better tools to interpret current events as well as long-term economic and political developments.

International economic relations. --- Globalization. --- economics --- human capital --- financial crisis --- macroeconomics --- comparative advantage --- absolute advantage --- emerging economy --- international trade --- business strategy --- economic growth --- economic history --- international economics --- political economy --- economic development --- industrialization --- labor market --- convergence --- New World --- mercantilism --- Industrial Revolution --- productivity --- technology --- capital control --- intellectual property --- research and development --- productivity slowdown --- Adam Smith --- factor proportions model --- gravity model --- infant industry --- import substitution --- Asian Tiger --- trade policy --- tariff --- public choice --- rent seeking --- trade agreement --- free trade --- liberalization --- information and communications technology --- vertical integration --- supply chain --- poverty trap --- big push --- coordination failure --- industrial policy --- diversification --- value added --- managerial capital --- skill biased technological change --- population growth --- wage inequality --- middle income trap --- tradable sector --- offshoring --- outsourcing --- foreign direct investment --- skill upgrading --- immigration --- wage structure --- regulation --- competitiveness --- corruption --- democracy --- autocracy --- socialism --- communism --- controlled capitalism --- gold standard --- natural resource curse --- business cycle --- collective bargaining --- social insurance --- safety net --- labor union --- Washington Consensus --- multinational enterprise --- exchange rate --- sweatshop --- spillover --- human rights --- labor standard --- property rights --- Dutch disease --- extractive industry --- negative externality --- pollution haven --- greenhouse gas --- global warming --- climate change