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"Earth Observations for Addressing Global Challenges" presents the results of cutting-edge research related to innovative techniques and approaches based on satellite remote sensing data, the acquisition of earth observations, and their applications in the contemporary practice of sustainable development. Addressing the urgent tasks of adaptation to climate change is one of the biggest global challenges for humanity. As His Excellency António Guterres, Secretary-General of the United Nations, said, "Climate change is the defining issue of our time—and we are at a defining moment. We face a direct existential threat." For many years, scientists from around the world have been conducting research on earth observations collecting vital data about the state of the earth environment. Evidence of the rapidly changing climate is alarming: according to the World Meteorological Organization, the past two decades included 18 of the warmest years since 1850, when records began. Thus, Group on Earth Observations (GEO) has launched initiatives across multiple societal benefit areas (agriculture, biodiversity, climate, disasters, ecosystems, energy, health, water, and weather), such as the Global Forest Observations Initiative, the GEO Carbon and GHG Initiative, the GEO Biodiversity Observation Network, and the GEO Blue Planet, among others. The results of research that addressed strategic priorities of these important initiatives are presented in the monograph.

snow albedo radiative forcing --- snow albedo feedback --- radiative kernel --- remote sensing --- cloud fraction --- integrated liquid water --- integrated water vapour --- diurnal cycle --- microwave radiometer --- classification --- self-learning --- training data --- crop --- leaf area index --- comparison --- MODIS --- uncertainty --- China --- EVI --- climatic factor --- driving force --- grey relational analysis (GRA) --- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (IMAR) --- Earth Observation (EO) --- satellite --- sensors --- platform --- SAR --- GNSS-R --- optical sensors --- polar --- weather --- ice --- marine --- land surface temperature --- urban heat island --- surface urban heat island --- land use --- land management unit --- Earth observation --- radiometer --- VIS/NIR imager --- terrestrial ecosystem --- MODIS GPP product --- calibration --- arid region --- oasis-desert ecosystem --- Land use and land cover (LULC) --- cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning --- particulate matter (PM10) --- sulfur dioxide (SO2) --- El Niño 2015–16 --- trace gases --- Upper Troposphere Lower Stratosphere --- n/a --- El Niño 2015-16

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Satellite altimetry is a radar technique for measuring the topography of the Earth’s surface. It was initially designed for measuring the ocean’s topography, with reference to an ellipsoid, and for the determination of the marine geoid. Satellite altimetry has provided extremely valuable information on ocean science (e.g., circulation surface geostrophic currents, eddy structures, wave heights, and the propagation of oceanic Kelvin and Rossby waves). With more than 25 years of observations, it is also becoming vital to climate research, providing accurate measurements of sea level variations from regional to global scales. Altimetry has also demonstrated a strong potential for geophysical, cryospheric, and hydrological research and is now commonly used for the monitoring of Arctic and Antarctic ice sheet topography and of terrestrial surface water levels. This book aims to present reviews and recent advances of general interest in the use of radar altimetry in Earth sciences. Manuscripts are related to any aspect of radar altimetry technique or geophysical applications. We also encourage manuscripts resulting from the application of new altimetric technology (SAR, SARin, and Ka band) and improvements expected from missions to be launched in the near future (i.e., SWOT).

water level --- ALES --- wet path delay --- CryoSat-2 --- water volume transport --- water level time series --- storm surge --- filtering --- validation --- polar ocean --- ocean tides --- satellite altimetry --- lake level --- classification --- ENVISAT --- numerical modelling --- PISTACH --- water levels --- evaporation --- geodesy --- waveform --- ALES retracker --- waveform retracking --- unsupervised classification --- CryosSat-2 SAR --- peakiness --- Envisat --- Jason-2 --- calibration --- SARAL --- ACC --- microwave radiometer --- ocean geostrophy --- data processing --- fine scale --- SWOT --- orbit decay --- Aral Sea --- geodetic orbit --- radar altimetry --- oceanography --- streamflow --- K-medoids --- retracking --- ice --- SWOT simulator --- coastal altimetry --- Ka-band --- western Mediterranean Sea --- topography of the intertidal zone --- FVCOM --- HY-2A --- inland water --- tide gauge --- discharge --- ERS-2 --- marine gravity --- wet tropospheric correction --- South China Sea --- stack data --- upper layer thickness --- drifting orbit --- hydrology --- Sentinel-3 --- two-layer ocean model --- satellite geodesy --- Fram Strait --- space gravity --- leads --- satellite altimeter --- range precision --- sensor calibration --- ROMS model --- X-TRACK --- SAR --- Inner Niger Delta --- Greenland Sea --- Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) --- Mekong Basin --- altimetry --- Hong Kong coast --- soil moisture --- Argo --- Southern Ocean --- Landsat --- dielectric permittivity --- sea surface height --- lake volume