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The use of lipid-based nanosystems, including lipid nanoparticles (solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC)), nanoemulsions, and liposomes, among others, is widespread. Several researchers have described the advantages of different applications of these nanosystems. For instance, they can increase the targeting and bioavailability of drugs, improving therapeutic effects. Their use in the cosmetic field is also promising, owing to their moisturizing properties and ability to protect labile cosmetic actives. Thus, it is surprising that only a few lipid-based nanosystems have reached the market. This can be explained by the strict regulatory requirements of medicines and the occurrence of unexpected in vivo failure, which highlights the need to conduct more preclinical studies.Current research is focused on testing the in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo efficacy of lipid-based nanosystems to predict their clinical performance. However, there is a lack of method validation, which compromises the comparison between different studies.This book brings together the latest research and reviews that report on in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo preclinical studies using lipid-based nanosystems. Readers can find up-to-date information on the most common experiments performed to predict the clinical behavior of lipid-based nanosystems. A series of 15 research articles and a review are presented, with authors from 15 different countries, which demonstrates the universality of the investigations that have been carried out in this area.

Technology: general issues --- nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) --- formulation optimization --- rivastigmine --- quality by design (QbD) --- nasal route --- nose-to-brain --- N-alkylisatin --- liposome --- urokinase plasminogen activator --- PAI-2 --- SerpinB2 --- breast cancer --- liposomes --- target delivery nanosystem --- FZD10 protein --- colon cancer therapy --- supersaturation --- silica-lipid hybrid --- spray drying --- lipolysis --- lipid-based formulation --- fenofibrate --- mesoporous silica --- oral drug delivery --- hyaluronic acid --- drug release --- light activation --- stability --- mobility --- biocorona --- dissolution enhancement --- phospholipids --- solid dosage forms --- porous microparticles --- nanoemulsion(s) --- phase-behavior --- DoE --- D-optimal design --- vegetable oils --- non-ionic surfactants --- efavirenz --- flaxseed oil --- nanostructured lipid carriers --- nanocarrier --- docohexaenoic acid --- neuroprotection --- neuroinflammation --- fluconazole --- Box‒Behnken design --- nanotransfersome --- ulcer index --- zone of inhibition --- rheological behavior --- ex vivo permeation --- nanomedicine --- cancer --- doxorubicin --- melanoma --- drug delivery --- ultrasound contrast agents --- phospholipid coating --- ligand distribution --- cholesterol --- acoustic response --- microbubble --- lipid phase --- dialysis --- ammonia --- intoxication --- cyanocobalamin --- vitamin B12 --- atopic dermatitis --- psoriasis --- transferosomes --- lipid vesicles --- skin topical delivery --- oligonucleotide --- self-emulsifying drug delivery systems --- hydrophobic ion pairing --- intestinal permeation enhancers --- Caco-2 monolayer --- clarithromycin --- solid lipid nanoparticles --- optimization --- permeation --- pharmacokinetics --- follicular targeting --- dexamethasone --- alopecia areata --- lipomers --- lipid polymer hybrid nanocapsules --- biodistribution --- skin --- ethyl cellulose --- nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) --- formulation optimization --- rivastigmine --- quality by design (QbD) --- nasal route --- nose-to-brain --- N-alkylisatin --- liposome --- urokinase plasminogen activator --- PAI-2 --- SerpinB2 --- breast cancer --- liposomes --- target delivery nanosystem --- FZD10 protein --- colon cancer therapy --- supersaturation --- silica-lipid hybrid --- spray drying --- lipolysis --- lipid-based formulation --- fenofibrate --- mesoporous silica --- oral drug delivery --- hyaluronic acid --- drug release --- light activation --- stability --- mobility --- biocorona --- dissolution enhancement --- phospholipids --- solid dosage forms --- porous microparticles --- nanoemulsion(s) --- phase-behavior --- DoE --- D-optimal design --- vegetable oils --- non-ionic surfactants --- efavirenz --- flaxseed oil --- nanostructured lipid carriers --- nanocarrier --- docohexaenoic acid --- neuroprotection --- neuroinflammation --- fluconazole --- Box‒Behnken design --- nanotransfersome --- ulcer index --- zone of inhibition --- rheological behavior --- ex vivo permeation --- nanomedicine --- cancer --- doxorubicin --- melanoma --- drug delivery --- ultrasound contrast agents --- phospholipid coating --- ligand distribution --- cholesterol --- acoustic response --- microbubble --- lipid phase --- dialysis --- ammonia --- intoxication --- cyanocobalamin --- vitamin B12 --- atopic dermatitis --- psoriasis --- transferosomes --- lipid vesicles --- skin topical delivery --- oligonucleotide --- self-emulsifying drug delivery systems --- hydrophobic ion pairing --- intestinal permeation enhancers --- Caco-2 monolayer --- clarithromycin --- solid lipid nanoparticles --- optimization --- permeation --- pharmacokinetics --- follicular targeting --- dexamethasone --- alopecia areata --- lipomers --- lipid polymer hybrid nanocapsules --- biodistribution --- skin --- ethyl cellulose

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Microtechnology has changed our world since the last century, when silicon microelectronics revolutionized sensor, control and communication areas, with applications extending from domotics to automotive, and from security to biomedicine. The present century, however, is also seeing an accelerating pace of innovation in glassy materials; as an example, glass-ceramics, which successfully combine the properties of an amorphous matrix with those of micro- or nano-crystals, offer a very high flexibility of design to chemists, physicists and engineers, who can conceive and implement advanced microdevices. In a very similar way, the synthesis of glassy polymers in a very wide range of chemical structures offers unprecedented potential of applications. The contemporary availability of microfabrication technologies, such as direct laser writing or 3D printing, which add to the most common processes (deposition, lithography and etching), facilitates the development of novel or advanced microdevices based on glassy materials. Biochemical and biomedical sensors, especially with the lab-on-a-chip target, are one of the most evident proofs of the success of this material platform. Other applications have also emerged in environment, food, and chemical industries. The present Special Issue of Micromachines aims at reviewing the current state-of-the-art and presenting perspectives of further development. Contributions related to the technologies, glassy materials, design and fabrication processes, characterization, and, eventually, applications are welcome.

enhanced boiling heat transfer --- microfluidic devices --- thermal insulation --- fibers --- lab-on-a-chip --- precision glass molding --- device simulations --- spray pyrolysis technique --- dielectric materials --- detection of small molecules --- roughness --- direct metal forming --- micro-grinding --- MEMS --- chalcogenide glass --- whispering gallery mode --- down-shifting --- glass --- optofluidic microbubble resonator --- luminescent materials --- filling ratio --- 2D colloidal crystal --- waveguides --- micro-crack propagation --- fluid displacement --- biosensors --- freeform optics --- microstructured optical fibers --- laser micromachining --- polymeric microfluidic flow cytometry --- luminescence --- frequency conversion --- light --- micro/nano patterning --- resonator --- fiber coupling --- distributed sensing --- severing force --- microsphere --- alkali cells --- microfabrication --- hybrid materials --- enclosed microstructures --- infrared optics --- glassy carbon micromold --- Ag nanoaggregates --- microfluidics --- chemical/biological sensing --- porous media --- atomic spectroscopy --- quartz glass --- solar energy --- diffusion --- soft colloidal lithography --- groove --- compound glass --- metallic microstructure --- whispering gallery modes --- sol-gel --- communications --- femtosecond laser --- optofluidics --- europium --- aspherical lens --- long period grating --- optical cells --- polymers --- lasing --- photovoltaics --- microresonator --- sensing --- microspheres --- light localization --- Yb³⁺ ions --- laser materials processing --- photonic microdevices --- MEMS vapor cells --- microtechnology --- ultrafast laser micromachining --- photon --- single-cell protein quantification --- strain microsensor --- label-free sensor --- microdevices --- ultrafast laser welding --- nuclear fusion --- vectorial strain gauge --- single-cell analysis --- glass molding process

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The use of lipid-based nanosystems, including lipid nanoparticles (solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC)), nanoemulsions, and liposomes, among others, is widespread. Several researchers have described the advantages of different applications of these nanosystems. For instance, they can increase the targeting and bioavailability of drugs, improving therapeutic effects. Their use in the cosmetic field is also promising, owing to their moisturizing properties and ability to protect labile cosmetic actives. Thus, it is surprising that only a few lipid-based nanosystems have reached the market. This can be explained by the strict regulatory requirements of medicines and the occurrence of unexpected in vivo failure, which highlights the need to conduct more preclinical studies.Current research is focused on testing the in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo efficacy of lipid-based nanosystems to predict their clinical performance. However, there is a lack of method validation, which compromises the comparison between different studies.This book brings together the latest research and reviews that report on in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo preclinical studies using lipid-based nanosystems. Readers can find up-to-date information on the most common experiments performed to predict the clinical behavior of lipid-based nanosystems. A series of 15 research articles and a review are presented, with authors from 15 different countries, which demonstrates the universality of the investigations that have been carried out in this area.

nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) --- formulation optimization --- rivastigmine --- quality by design (QbD) --- nasal route --- nose-to-brain --- N-alkylisatin --- liposome --- urokinase plasminogen activator --- PAI-2 --- SerpinB2 --- breast cancer --- liposomes --- target delivery nanosystem --- FZD10 protein --- colon cancer therapy --- supersaturation --- silica-lipid hybrid --- spray drying --- lipolysis --- lipid-based formulation --- fenofibrate --- mesoporous silica --- oral drug delivery --- hyaluronic acid --- drug release --- light activation --- stability --- mobility --- biocorona --- dissolution enhancement --- phospholipids --- solid dosage forms --- porous microparticles --- nanoemulsion(s) --- phase-behavior --- DoE --- D-optimal design --- vegetable oils --- non-ionic surfactants --- efavirenz --- flaxseed oil --- nanostructured lipid carriers --- nanocarrier --- docohexaenoic acid --- neuroprotection --- neuroinflammation --- fluconazole --- Box‒Behnken design --- nanotransfersome --- ulcer index --- zone of inhibition --- rheological behavior --- ex vivo permeation --- nanomedicine --- cancer --- doxorubicin --- melanoma --- drug delivery --- ultrasound contrast agents --- phospholipid coating --- ligand distribution --- cholesterol --- acoustic response --- microbubble --- lipid phase --- dialysis --- ammonia --- intoxication --- cyanocobalamin --- vitamin B12 --- atopic dermatitis --- psoriasis --- transferosomes --- lipid vesicles --- skin topical delivery --- oligonucleotide --- self-emulsifying drug delivery systems --- hydrophobic ion pairing --- intestinal permeation enhancers --- Caco-2 monolayer --- clarithromycin --- solid lipid nanoparticles --- optimization --- permeation --- pharmacokinetics --- follicular targeting --- dexamethasone --- alopecia areata --- lipomers --- lipid polymer hybrid nanocapsules --- biodistribution --- skin --- ethyl cellulose --- n/a

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Fluid flow and heat transfer processes play an important role in many areas of science and engineering, from the planetary scale (e.g., influencing weather and climate) to the microscopic scales of enhancing heat transfer by the use of nanofluids; understood in the broadest possible sense, they also underpin the performance of many energy systems. This topical Special Issue of Energies is dedicated to the recent advances in this very broad field. This book will be of interest to readers not only in the fields of mechanical, aerospace, chemical, process and petroleum, energy, earth, civil ,and flow instrumentation engineering but, equally, biological and medical sciences, as well as physics and mathematics; that is, anywhere that “fluid flow and heat transfer” phenomena may play an important role or be a subject of worthy research pursuits.

n/a --- thermal performance --- microbubble pump --- particle deposition --- flow oscillation --- orthogonal jet --- flat plate --- gas turbine engine --- air heater --- flow behavior --- transonic compressor --- friction factor --- nonlinear thermal radiation --- oscillators --- porous cavity --- POD --- turbulent flow --- thermosyphon --- turbulence --- mass transfer --- tip leakage flow --- capture efficiency --- pipe flow --- correlation --- decomposition dimensionalities --- heat transfer --- pressure loss --- CANDU-6 --- numerical modeling --- CFD --- magnetic field --- boundary layer --- two-phase flow --- heat transfer performance --- Colebrook-White --- computational burden --- phase change --- surrogate model --- Padé polynomials --- traveling-wave heat engine --- flow regime --- numerical simulation --- energetics --- ( A g ? F e 3 O 4 / H 2 O ) hybrid nanofluid --- pumps --- BEM --- SPIV --- acoustic streaming --- microbubbles --- Aspen® --- push-pull --- Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) elements --- iterative procedure --- transient analysis --- spiral fin-tube --- toxic gases --- unsteady heat release rate --- water hammer --- method of moment --- visualization --- superheated steam --- impingement heat transfer enhancement --- X-ray microtomography --- moderator --- wind turbine --- flow rate --- fin-tube --- flue gas --- actuator disc --- temperature distributions --- supercritical LNG --- sharp sections --- moment of inertia --- Colebrook equation --- pump efficiency --- tower --- OpenFOAM --- computational fluid dynamics --- chemical reaction --- pump performance --- logarithms --- numerical results --- downwind --- thermodynamic --- triaxial stress --- flow friction --- energy conversion --- entropy generation --- zigzag type --- inertance-compliance --- section aspect ratios --- laminar separation bubble --- axial piston pumps --- thermogravimetry --- pressure drop --- load resistances --- vortex breakdown --- T-section prism --- flow-induced motion --- centrifugal pump --- load --- vortex identification --- decomposition region --- condensation --- performance characteristics --- pipes --- detached-eddy simulation --- Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation --- thermal cracking --- real vehicle experiments --- bubble size --- thermal energy recovery --- hydraulic resistances --- concentration --- tower shadow --- fire-spreading characteristics --- thermoacoustic electricity generator --- bubble generation --- multi-stage --- thermal effect --- ferrofluid --- PHWR --- fluidics --- multiphase flow --- printed circuit heat exchanger --- particle counter --- dew point temperature --- Padé polynomials

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This special issue brings together cutting edge research and insightful commentary on the currentl state of the Cancer Nanomedicine field.

antibody drug conjugate (ADC) --- PD-L1 --- tumor spheroid disruption --- immune modulation --- doxorubicin --- graphene oxide --- adsorption --- cathepsin D --- cathepsin L --- anti-metastatic enzyme cancer therapy --- nanoparticles --- targeted delivery system --- siRNA --- osteopontin --- mammary carcinoma --- mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) --- TAT peptide --- PLGA --- paclitaxel --- nano-engineered MSCs --- orthotopic lung tumor model --- intracranial glioma --- immunotherapy --- CPMV --- viral nanoparticles --- in situ vaccine --- albumin nanoparticles --- microbubble --- ultrasound --- theranostics --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- VX2 tumor --- intra-arterial chemotherapy --- lung cancer --- nanomedicine --- clinical status --- cancer therapy --- breast cancer --- cell signaling --- active targeting --- passive targeting --- EPR effect --- oncogenes --- nanoparticle --- drug delivery --- ligand --- tumor targeting --- biodistribution --- Mesoporous silica nanoparticle --- drug delivery system --- target treatment --- lanthanide metal --- hyaluronic acid --- hyaluronidase --- drug combination --- everolimus --- dual-targeting --- magnetic nanoparticles --- monoclonal antibodies --- nanostructured lipid carrier --- platelet membrane --- biomimicry --- plasmonic photothermal therapy --- gold nanorods --- surgery --- bleeding --- dogs --- cats --- stimuli-responsive --- DOX --- SN38 --- CSCs --- single-walled carbon nanotubes --- chirality separation --- NASH --- drug-gene delivery --- near IR hyperspectral imaging --- plasmonics --- copper --- VEGF --- glioblastoma --- differentiated neuroblastoma --- peptidomimetics --- real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) --- actin --- combinatorial therapy --- anticancer and antibacterial activity --- temoporfin --- drug-in-cyclodextrin-in-liposome --- hybrid nanoparticles --- multicellular tumor spheroids --- cyclodextrins --- photodynamic therapy article --- yet reasonably common within the subject discipline --- antitumor strategy --- biomimetic core–shell nanoparticles --- NK cell-derived exosomes --- folate receptor --- albumin nanoparticle --- microfluidic --- cabazitaxel --- polydopamine nanoparticles --- size --- cytotoxicity --- iron affinity --- FA-DABA-SMA --- self-assembly --- oncogenic proteins --- intracellular disruption --- folic receptor alpha --- pancreatic cancer --- parvifloron D --- albumin --- erlotinib --- photodynamic therapy --- lipid nanoparticles --- tumor vectorization --- verteporfin --- ovarian carcinomatosis --- spheroids --- integrin --- RGD peptide --- cancer diagnosis --- radiotherapy --- hyperthermia therapy --- biomimetic --- nanocarrier --- membrane-wrapped --- cancer --- targeted delivery --- photothermal therapy --- imaging --- cancer nanomedicine --- tumor microenvironment --- nano–bio interactions --- clinical translation --- magnetic nanowires --- magnetic hyperthermia --- magnetic actuation --- magnetic drug targeting --- titanate nanotubes --- gold nanoparticles --- vectorization --- colloidal stability --- docetaxel --- prostate cancer --- mangiferin --- anti-topoisomerase activity --- extracellular vesicles --- exosomes --- chemico-physical functionalization --- loading --- translational medicine --- nanotechnology: bioengineering --- anacardic acid --- mitoxantrone --- targeted drug delivery --- liposomes --- melanoma --- apoptosis --- ascorbic acid --- angiogenesis --- epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition --- hypoxia --- immunosuppression --- metabolism --- nanotherapeutics --- tumour microenvironment --- DNA origami --- liposome --- remote loading --- acute toxicity --- organoids --- magnetic silica-coated iron oxide nanochains --- photothermal treatment --- hyperthermia --- collagen --- cellular microenvironment --- lymphadenectomy --- magnetometer --- sentinel lymph node dissection --- SPION --- superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles --- Vδ2 T cells --- zoledronic acid --- polymeric nanoconstruct --- anti-tumor immunity --- colorectal carcinoma --- β-cyclodextrin nanosponges --- BALB-neuT mice --- brain tumours --- glioma --- blood brain barrier --- polymeric nanoparticles --- PEGylation --- dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine --- poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate-co-allyl methyl sulfide) copolymer --- folate --- oxidation-sensitive release --- cellular interaction --- in vitro anti-cancer activity --- triple negative breast cancer --- organotin --- mesoporous silica nanoparticles --- MDA-MB-231 --- theranostic nanomaterials --- nanobiotechnology --- molecular imaging --- nanosystems --- nanomicelles --- ovarian cancer --- tumour targeting --- chemotherapeutics --- riboflavin --- vitamin B2 --- nanomedicines --- secondary structure --- mixed micelle --- pH responsive --- targeted therapy --- anti-cancer --- shear stress --- flow --- in vitro --- therapeutics --- diagnostics --- Immunotherapy