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« Faisabilité d’un aménagement de pompage turbinage au barrage de la Gileppe », par Fonder Martin,
Ingénieur Civil des Constructions, 2018-2019.
Ce rapport présente les résultats concernant la faisabilité technique et économique d’une installation de pompage
turbinage, réutilisant des structures déjà en place, au barrage de la Gileppe, ouvrage construit sur la rivière
du même nom en 1878 pour alimenter le bassin vervietois et son industrie lainière en eau potable (actuellement
cet ouvrage est exploité par la SPW). L’idée serait d’utiliser le lac créé par la retenue comme bassin supérieur
d’une station de transfert d’énergie par pompage (STEP), d’aménager un bassin inférieur en aval du barrage et
d’utiliser des conduites existantes pour avoir un système complet tout en limitant les coûts d’installation.
Le rapport est divisé en 3 parties principales.
La première partie présente les enjeux du stockage d’énergie électrique et les technologies actuellement existantes
dans un premier temps puis le site de la Gileppe tel qu’il existe aujourd’hui avec ses objectifs et enjeux dans un
second temps.
La seconde partie présente toutes les données techniques nécessaires à la création d’un modèle numérique de la
STEP sur le site. On y retrouvera entre autres une étude détaillée des pertes de charge dans les conduites, une
synthèse des informations collectées par le gestionnaire sur le niveau de la retenue et toutes le hypothèses utilisées
pour mener les estimations de prix dans le travail.
Enfin la troisième partie permet de chercher la meilleure solution pour rendre cette installation intéressante tant
sur un plan économique qu’énergétique. Dans cette ultime partie cinq sections étudient cinq scénarios différents
permettant de chercher la méthode d’utilisation de la STEP qui sera la plus intéressante.
Le modèle numérique montre que les pertes de charge sont trop importantes dans les conduites actuelles, ces
dernières n’étant pas adaptées pour limiter les dissipations d’énergie. En effet le diamètre des tuyaux, les nombreux
coudes, rétrécissements et autres singularités ne permettent pas de construire une installation combinant puissance
élevée et rendement élevé.
De ce fait, l’utilisation des ces tuyaux rend l’installation non rentable dans le système de distribution d’électricité
actuellement en place en Belgique. En effet, pour la solution la plus intéressante, soit une STEP de 4 MW de
puissance en turbinage avec un bassin inférieur de 122 000 m3, les coûts de construction seraient de l’orde de
3 380 000 € pour des revenus engendrés qui ne pourraient dépasser 103 500 €/an. Le temps de retour sur investissement
serait donc de plus de 30 ans.
Cependant, en utilisant ces conduites avec des débits faibles, il est tout de même possible d’installer une STEP
d’une puissance en turbinage de 4 MW avec un bassin inférieur de 500 000 m3 qui permettrait de s’intégrer dans un
micro réseau contentant 4000 foyers. Ce dernier serait alors approvisionné en électricité par 5 éoliennes de 1 MW
chacune et 50 000 m2 de panneaux photovoltaïques posé sur le lac. La STEP permettrait dans cette configuration
de stocker l’énergie produite par la production sur des cycles de 24 heures pour la restituer pendant les heures de
forte consommation et de cette manière répondre à la demande toute l’année.
Pour limiter les pertes de charges, augmenter les puissances, diminuer le temps de restitution de l’électricité
et donc augmenter les revenus, c’est l’installation d’une nouvelle conduite d’un diamètre de 4,5m qui semble être
le scénario le plus intéressant. Cette configuration permettrait d’obtenir une STEP d’une puissance de 35 MW en
turbinage, capable de générer 1 450 000 €/an. L’enjeu de ce scénario est cependant de trouver une position pour
la conduite qui permette à l’installation de fonctionner peu importe le niveau de l’eau dans la retenue pour un
coût de construction limité.
Ce document reprend en détail les méthodes implémentées, les hypothèses posées ainsi que l’origine des différentes
données utilisées pour trouver ces résultats. Il pose les bases permettant d’orienter d’éventuelles futures
investigations sur le sujet.

Hydraulique --- Gileppe --- STEP --- Micro-grid --- Energie --- Barrage --- Economie --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Ingénierie civile

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This book is a printed version of the papers published in the Special Issue “DC & Hybrid Microgrids” of Applied Sciences. This Special Issue, co-organized by the University of Pisa, Italy and Østfold University College in Norway, has collected nine papers and the editorial, from 28 submitted, with authors from Asia, North America and Europe. The published articles provide an overview of the most recent research advances in direct current (DC) and hybrid microgrids, exploiting the opportunities offered by the use of renewable energy sources, battery energy storage systems, power converters, innovative control and energy management strategies.

energy management strategy (EMS) --- distributed generator (DG) --- state of charge (SoC) --- circuit breaker (CB) --- standard test condition (STC) --- photovoltaic (PV) --- solar --- microgrid --- droop control --- patrol base --- islanded DC microgrid --- battery-only operation --- constant power load --- CPL --- floating DC bus --- stability criterion --- power management --- AC/DC distribution network --- distributed generator --- planning --- timing characteristics --- genetic-ant colony hybrid algorithm --- forest microgrid --- biomass energy --- operation mode-based sectional coordinated control --- hybrid energy storage --- predictive control --- inertia improvement --- unbalanced electric bridge --- DC insulation monitoring --- ground capacitance --- three-point climbing algorithm --- islanding detection --- DC grid --- active islanding detection method --- injected signal cancellation --- multi-distributed generations --- perturbation signal --- photovoltaic system --- direct current (DC) microgrid --- stability --- constant power loads --- large transmission line inductive --- simplified circuit model --- virtual negative inductance --- micro-grid --- hybrid micro-grid --- smart grid --- battery energy storage --- renewable energy sources (RES) --- hybrid vehicles (HEV) --- full-electric vehicles (EV) --- Bidirectional converters --- direct current (DC) grid --- hybrid microgrid --- bidirectional converters

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This book is a printed version of the papers published in the Special Issue “DC & Hybrid Microgrids” of Applied Sciences. This Special Issue, co-organized by the University of Pisa, Italy and Østfold University College in Norway, has collected nine papers and the editorial, from 28 submitted, with authors from Asia, North America and Europe. The published articles provide an overview of the most recent research advances in direct current (DC) and hybrid microgrids, exploiting the opportunities offered by the use of renewable energy sources, battery energy storage systems, power converters, innovative control and energy management strategies.

Technology: general issues --- energy management strategy (EMS) --- distributed generator (DG) --- state of charge (SoC) --- circuit breaker (CB) --- standard test condition (STC) --- photovoltaic (PV) --- solar --- microgrid --- droop control --- patrol base --- islanded DC microgrid --- battery-only operation --- constant power load --- CPL --- floating DC bus --- stability criterion --- power management --- AC/DC distribution network --- distributed generator --- planning --- timing characteristics --- genetic-ant colony hybrid algorithm --- forest microgrid --- biomass energy --- operation mode-based sectional coordinated control --- hybrid energy storage --- predictive control --- inertia improvement --- unbalanced electric bridge --- DC insulation monitoring --- ground capacitance --- three-point climbing algorithm --- islanding detection --- DC grid --- active islanding detection method --- injected signal cancellation --- multi-distributed generations --- perturbation signal --- photovoltaic system --- direct current (DC) microgrid --- stability --- constant power loads --- large transmission line inductive --- simplified circuit model --- virtual negative inductance --- micro-grid --- hybrid micro-grid --- smart grid --- battery energy storage --- renewable energy sources (RES) --- hybrid vehicles (HEV) --- full-electric vehicles (EV) --- Bidirectional converters --- direct current (DC) grid --- hybrid microgrid --- bidirectional converters --- energy management strategy (EMS) --- distributed generator (DG) --- state of charge (SoC) --- circuit breaker (CB) --- standard test condition (STC) --- photovoltaic (PV) --- solar --- microgrid --- droop control --- patrol base --- islanded DC microgrid --- battery-only operation --- constant power load --- CPL --- floating DC bus --- stability criterion --- power management --- AC/DC distribution network --- distributed generator --- planning --- timing characteristics --- genetic-ant colony hybrid algorithm --- forest microgrid --- biomass energy --- operation mode-based sectional coordinated control --- hybrid energy storage --- predictive control --- inertia improvement --- unbalanced electric bridge --- DC insulation monitoring --- ground capacitance --- three-point climbing algorithm --- islanding detection --- DC grid --- active islanding detection method --- injected signal cancellation --- multi-distributed generations --- perturbation signal --- photovoltaic system --- direct current (DC) microgrid --- stability --- constant power loads --- large transmission line inductive --- simplified circuit model --- virtual negative inductance --- micro-grid --- hybrid micro-grid --- smart grid --- battery energy storage --- renewable energy sources (RES) --- hybrid vehicles (HEV) --- full-electric vehicles (EV) --- Bidirectional converters --- direct current (DC) grid --- hybrid microgrid --- bidirectional converters

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Distributed generation is becoming more important in electrical power systems due to the decentralization of energy production. Within this new paradigm, new approaches for the operation and planning of distributed power generation are yet to be explored. This book deals with distributed energy resources, such as renewable-based distributed generators and energy storage units, among others, considering their operation, scheduling, and planning. Moreover, other interesting aspects such as demand response, electric vehicles, aggregators, and microgrid are also analyzed. All these aspects constitute a new paradigm that is explored in this Special Issue.

Technology: general issues --- Benders’ decomposition --- distributed generation planning (DGP) --- two-stage stochastic mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) --- renewable energy sources (RES) --- micro-grid --- energy management system --- IEC 61850 --- 5G --- LoRa --- multi-agent system --- isolated AC/DC hybrid microgrid --- two-layer consensus method --- dynamic economic dispatch --- distributed hierarchical strategy --- MILP optimization --- allocation --- renewable energy sources --- system modeling --- energy storages --- energy curtailment --- mathematical programming --- small scale distributed generation --- distribution networks --- active power management --- battery degradation --- electric vehicles --- electric vehicles aggregator --- electricity markets --- stochastic programming --- combined economic emission dispatch --- environment-based demand response --- emission constraints --- penalty factor --- weighting update artificial bee colony --- distribution network planning --- energy storage system --- multi-objective optimization --- optimal location --- risk assessment --- flexibility --- distributed energy resources --- distribution system operators --- local services --- system services --- arbitrage --- frequency control --- Benders’ decomposition --- distributed generation planning (DGP) --- two-stage stochastic mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) --- renewable energy sources (RES) --- micro-grid --- energy management system --- IEC 61850 --- 5G --- LoRa --- multi-agent system --- isolated AC/DC hybrid microgrid --- two-layer consensus method --- dynamic economic dispatch --- distributed hierarchical strategy --- MILP optimization --- allocation --- renewable energy sources --- system modeling --- energy storages --- energy curtailment --- mathematical programming --- small scale distributed generation --- distribution networks --- active power management --- battery degradation --- electric vehicles --- electric vehicles aggregator --- electricity markets --- stochastic programming --- combined economic emission dispatch --- environment-based demand response --- emission constraints --- penalty factor --- weighting update artificial bee colony --- distribution network planning --- energy storage system --- multi-objective optimization --- optimal location --- risk assessment --- flexibility --- distributed energy resources --- distribution system operators --- local services --- system services --- arbitrage --- frequency control

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Microgrids are a growing segment of the energy industry, representing a paradigm shift from centralized structures toward more localized, autonomous, dynamic, and bi-directional energy networks, especially in cities and communities. The ability to isolate from the larger grid makes microgrids resilient, while their capability of forming scalable energy clusters permits the delivery of services that make the grid more sustainable and competitive. Through an optimal design and management process, microgrids could also provide efficient, low-cost, clean energy and help to improve the operation and stability of regional energy systems. This book covers these promising and dynamic areas of research and development and gathers contributions on different aspects of microgrids in an aim to impart higher degrees of sustainability and resilience to energy systems.

Technology: general issues --- microgrid --- distribution network operator --- double externalities --- subsidy --- PV system --- PI controller --- fuzzy control --- MPPT --- tracking speed --- error --- Micro Grid --- VSG --- power sharing --- inertia support --- energy support --- small signal stability --- day-ahead operational scheduling --- reconfigurable microgrid --- DRNN Bi-LSTM --- aggregated load forecasting --- bulk photovoltaic power generation forecasting --- solar potential assessment --- resource mapping --- geographic information systems (GIS) --- site selection --- Iran --- earthquake --- power distribution network --- resilience improvement planning --- water distribution network --- load disaggregation --- non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) --- dimensionality reduction --- principal component analysis (PCA) --- smart home --- solar renewable --- thermal load --- stochastic operation --- energy storage --- sustainability --- desalination --- renewable energy --- water–energy-nexus --- photovoltaic grid-connected system --- power fluctuation --- DC bus voltage stabilization --- prescribed performance --- command-filtered adaptive backstepping control --- centralized control architecture --- DC microgrid --- distributed control architecture --- electricity price constraint --- hybrid control architecture --- power flow control strategy --- data pre-processing --- electricity theft --- imbalance data --- parameter tuning --- smart grid