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This Special Issue on “LCA of Energy Systems” contains inspiring contributions on assessing the sustainability of novel technologies destined to shape the future of our energy sector. These include battery-based and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, geothermal energy, hydropower, biomass gasification, national electricity systems, and waste incineration. The analysis of trends and singularities will be invaluable to product designers, engineers, and policy makers. Furthermore, these exercises also contribute to refining the life cycle framework and harmonizing methodological decisions. Our hope is that this should be a step toward promoting the use of science and knowledge to shape a better world for everyone.

Research & information: general --- life cycle assessment --- battery electric vehicle (BEV) --- plug-in electric vehicle --- energy --- greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions --- thermodynamic modeling --- exergy --- e-waste --- secondary copper smelting --- precious metal recovery --- printed circuit board --- coalbed methane development --- risk assessment --- structural entropy weight method --- matter-element extension method --- LCA --- Spain --- renewables --- electricity --- sustainability --- carbon footprint --- employment --- LCOE --- CHP --- biomass --- gasification --- SOFC --- allocation --- multifunctionality --- geothermal energy --- flash technology --- Bagnore power plant --- pedigree matrix --- carbon dioxide capture --- activated carbon --- environmental impacts --- IGCC --- carbon capture economy --- stirling cycle-based heat pump --- gas/oil-fired boilers --- SimaPro --- eco-indicator 99 --- life cycle impact assessment --- distance-to-target weighting --- ecological scarcity --- renewable electricity and heat generation --- decentralized energy system

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This Special Issue on “LCA of Energy Systems” contains inspiring contributions on assessing the sustainability of novel technologies destined to shape the future of our energy sector. These include battery-based and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, geothermal energy, hydropower, biomass gasification, national electricity systems, and waste incineration. The analysis of trends and singularities will be invaluable to product designers, engineers, and policy makers. Furthermore, these exercises also contribute to refining the life cycle framework and harmonizing methodological decisions. Our hope is that this should be a step toward promoting the use of science and knowledge to shape a better world for everyone.

Research & information: general --- life cycle assessment --- battery electric vehicle (BEV) --- plug-in electric vehicle --- energy --- greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions --- thermodynamic modeling --- exergy --- e-waste --- secondary copper smelting --- precious metal recovery --- printed circuit board --- coalbed methane development --- risk assessment --- structural entropy weight method --- matter-element extension method --- LCA --- Spain --- renewables --- electricity --- sustainability --- carbon footprint --- employment --- LCOE --- CHP --- biomass --- gasification --- SOFC --- allocation --- multifunctionality --- geothermal energy --- flash technology --- Bagnore power plant --- pedigree matrix --- carbon dioxide capture --- activated carbon --- environmental impacts --- IGCC --- carbon capture economy --- stirling cycle-based heat pump --- gas/oil-fired boilers --- SimaPro --- eco-indicator 99 --- life cycle impact assessment --- distance-to-target weighting --- ecological scarcity --- renewable electricity and heat generation --- decentralized energy system --- life cycle assessment --- battery electric vehicle (BEV) --- plug-in electric vehicle --- energy --- greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions --- thermodynamic modeling --- exergy --- e-waste --- secondary copper smelting --- precious metal recovery --- printed circuit board --- coalbed methane development --- risk assessment --- structural entropy weight method --- matter-element extension method --- LCA --- Spain --- renewables --- electricity --- sustainability --- carbon footprint --- employment --- LCOE --- CHP --- biomass --- gasification --- SOFC --- allocation --- multifunctionality --- geothermal energy --- flash technology --- Bagnore power plant --- pedigree matrix --- carbon dioxide capture --- activated carbon --- environmental impacts --- IGCC --- carbon capture economy --- stirling cycle-based heat pump --- gas/oil-fired boilers --- SimaPro --- eco-indicator 99 --- life cycle impact assessment --- distance-to-target weighting --- ecological scarcity --- renewable electricity and heat generation --- decentralized energy system

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The protection of human health and the environment (representing the main reason for waste management), as well as the sustainable use of natural resources, requires chemical, biological, physical and thermal treatment of wastes. This refers to the conditioning (e.g., drying, washing, comminution, rotting, stabilization, neutralization, agglomeration, homogenization), conversion (e.g., incineration, pyrolysis, gasification, dissolution, evaporation), and separation (classification, direct and indirect (i.e., sensor-based) sorting) of all types of wastes to follow the principles of the waste hierarchy (i.e., prevention (not addressed by this issue), preparation for re-use, recycling, other recovery, and disposal). Longstanding challenges include the increase of yield and purity of recyclable fractions and the sustainable removal or destruction of contaminants from the circular economy.This Special Issue on “Advanced Technology of Waste Treatment” of Processes collects high-quality research studies addressing challenges on the broad area of chemical, biological, physical and thermal treatment of wastes.

selective Cu(II) separation --- sustainable waste treatment --- municipal solid waste --- polymer-assisted ultrafiltration --- real fly ash extracts --- urban mining --- pilot installation --- MSWI fly ash --- properties of fly ash --- acid leaching --- heavy metal recovery --- marine litter --- waste treatment --- plastic waste --- pyrolysis --- gasification --- incineration --- thermogravimetric analysis --- biotechnological upcycling --- plastics recycling --- feedstock recycling --- plastic pyrolysis --- lumped modeling --- kinetic modeling --- ReOil --- risk modelling --- portable batteries --- lithium batteries --- fire hazards --- waste management --- lithium-ion-batteries --- pyrometallurgical recycling --- carbothermal reduction --- wood ash treatment --- chromate reduction --- hot alkaline extraction --- recycling --- refractory --- regenerate --- electrodynamic fragmentation --- innovative process --- process optimization --- enhanced landfill mining --- NEW-MINE --- particle size distribution --- compositional data analysis --- simplex --- isometric log-ratios --- multivariate multiple linear regression --- mechanical processing --- commercial waste --- shredder --- chemical recycling --- wet-mechanical processing --- polyolefins --- circular economy --- WEEE --- recovery of aromatics --- oil upgrading --- dehalogenation --- hydrothermal carbonization --- sewage sludge --- phosphorus recovery --- hydrochar --- process-water --- pH --- mixed waste --- municipal waste --- recovery --- contaminants --- plastics --- digitalisation --- smart waste factory --- n/a

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The raw materials industry is widely considered to be too environmentally costly, and causing more losses than benefits. The responsible solving of the problems caused by this industry is not “exporting” its operations to less developed countries, but addressing all recognized hazards with dedicated technological developments. Such an approach is presented by the authors of this book. The contributions deal with the optimization of processes in the raw materials industry, obtaining energy from alternative fuels, researching the environmental aspects of industrial activities. This book determines some guidelines for the sustainable raw materials industry, describing methods of the optimized use of mined deposits and the recovery of materials, reductions in energy consumption and the recuperation of energy, minimizations in the emissions of pollutants, the perfection of quieter and safer processes, and the facilitation of modern materials-, water-, and energy-related techniques and technologies.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- acid leaching --- battery recycling --- Li-ion batteries --- metal recovery --- raw material sustainable use --- sieving screen --- inertial vibrator --- dual-frequency --- spectrum --- FEM simulation --- biomass ash --- coal ash --- sintering --- mechanical test --- pressure drop test --- slagging --- fouling --- ion flotation --- used batteries --- ecological safety --- recovery --- Zn(II) --- Mn(II) --- belt conveyor --- prosumer --- downhill transport of overburden --- specific energy consumption --- recuperation --- energy recovery rate --- air quality monitoring --- SO2 --- VOC --- H2S --- PM10 --- PM2.5 --- PM1.0 --- outdoor air quality --- air flow aerodynamics --- street canyon --- digestate --- biogas plant --- hydrothermal carbonisation --- membrane processes --- water recovery --- thermal lag --- fossil fuels --- pyrolysis --- TG --- thermal analysis --- power --- powered roof support --- hydraulic leg --- bench testing --- dynamic load --- discrete event simulation --- quarry --- mine machine --- cost of production --- fire-side corrosion --- boiler tube wastage --- diagnostics --- industrial-scale boilers --- non-destructive inspection --- pipe inspection --- wall thickness measurement --- stone waste --- waste generation --- waste recycling --- industrial waste treatment --- sustainable manufacturing --- dimension natural stone processing --- GHG emissions --- stable isotopes --- waste management --- energy recovery --- unburned carbon --- fly ash --- activated carbon --- adsorption kinetics --- statistical regression --- sustainable mining --- heating and energy processes --- raw material sustainable-use fossil fuels --- energy conversion and storage --- air pollution --- emission reduction methods --- purification and removal techniques --- acid leaching --- battery recycling --- Li-ion batteries --- metal recovery --- raw material sustainable use --- sieving screen --- inertial vibrator --- dual-frequency --- spectrum --- FEM simulation --- biomass ash --- coal ash --- sintering --- mechanical test --- pressure drop test --- slagging --- fouling --- ion flotation --- used batteries --- ecological safety --- recovery --- Zn(II) --- Mn(II) --- belt conveyor --- prosumer --- downhill transport of overburden --- specific energy consumption --- recuperation --- energy recovery rate --- air quality monitoring --- SO2 --- VOC --- H2S --- PM10 --- PM2.5 --- PM1.0 --- outdoor air quality --- air flow aerodynamics --- street canyon --- digestate --- biogas plant --- hydrothermal carbonisation --- membrane processes --- water recovery --- thermal lag --- fossil fuels --- pyrolysis --- TG --- thermal analysis --- power --- powered roof support --- hydraulic leg --- bench testing --- dynamic load --- discrete event simulation --- quarry --- mine machine --- cost of production --- fire-side corrosion --- boiler tube wastage --- diagnostics --- industrial-scale boilers --- non-destructive inspection --- pipe inspection --- wall thickness measurement --- stone waste --- waste generation --- waste recycling --- industrial waste treatment --- sustainable manufacturing --- dimension natural stone processing --- GHG emissions --- stable isotopes --- waste management --- energy recovery --- unburned carbon --- fly ash --- activated carbon --- adsorption kinetics --- statistical regression --- sustainable mining --- heating and energy processes --- raw material sustainable-use fossil fuels --- energy conversion and storage --- air pollution --- emission reduction methods --- purification and removal techniques

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Based on 19 high-quality articles, this Special Issue presents methods for further improving the currently achievable recycling rate, product quality in terms of focused elements, and approaches for the enhanced mobilization of lithium, graphite, and electrolyte components. In particular, the target of early-stage Li removal is a central point of various research approaches in the world, which has been reported, for example, under the names early-stage lithium recovery (ESLR process) with or without gaseous CO2 and supercritical CO2 leaching (COOL process). Furthermore, many more approaches are present in this Special Issue, ranging from robotic disassembly and the dismantling of Li‐ion batteries, or the optimization of various pyro‐ and hydrometallurgical as well as combined battery recycling processes for the treatment of conventional Li‐ion batteries, all the way to an evaluation of the recycling on an industrial level. In addition to the consideration of Li distribution in compounds of a Li2O-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-CaO system, Li recovery from battery slags is also discussed. The development of suitable recycling strategies of six new battery systems, such as all-solid-state batteries, but also lithium–sulfur batteries, is also taken into account here. Some of the articles also discuss the fact that battery recycling processes do not have to produce end products such as high-purity battery materials, but that the aim should be to find an “entry point” into existing, proven large-scale industrial processes. Participants in this Special Issue originate from 18 research institutions from eight countries.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- Mining technology & engineering --- lead-acid battery recycling --- pyrite cinder treatment --- lead bullion --- sulfide matte --- SO2 emissions --- pilot plant --- environmental technologies --- waste treatment --- recycling --- spent lithium-ion batteries --- recycling chain --- process stages --- unit processes --- industrial recycling technologies --- mechanical treatment --- slag cleaning --- cobalt --- nickel --- manganese --- lithium-ion battery --- circular economy --- batteries --- reuse --- disassembly --- safety --- lithium minerals --- lithium slag characterization --- thermochemical modeling --- critical raw materials --- smelting --- lithium --- graphite --- mechanical processing --- pyrometallurgy --- thermal treatment --- pyrolysis --- hydrometallurgy --- precipitation --- oxalic acid --- mixed oxalate --- battery recycling --- lithium–sulfur batteries --- metallurgical recycling --- metal recovery --- recycling efficiency --- lithium-ion batteries --- all-solid-state batteries --- slag --- leaching --- dry digestion --- fractionation --- tubular centrifuge --- rotational speed control --- particle size analysis --- lithium iron phosphate --- LFP --- carbon black --- direct battery recycling --- recovery --- thermodynamic modeling --- engineered artificial minerals (EnAM) --- melt experiments --- PXRD --- EPMA --- manganese recovery --- solvent extraction --- D2EHPA --- factorial design of experiments --- lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) --- lithium removal --- phosphorous removal --- recovery of valuable metals --- carbonation --- lithium phase transformation --- autoclave --- supercritical CO2 --- X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) --- powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) --- electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) --- lithium recycling --- lithium batteries --- black mass --- LIB --- mechanical recycling processes --- battery generation --- solid state batteries --- robotic disassembly --- electric vehicle battery --- task planner --- n/a --- lithium-sulfur batteries