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Appetite. --- Behaviour. --- Colts. --- Entrainment. --- Feeding. --- Growth. --- Metabolic rate. --- Photoperiod. --- Ponies. --- Season. --- Seasonal variation.

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Animals living in the Southern Ocean have evolved in a singular environment. It shares many of its attributes with the high Arctic, namely low, stable temperatures, the pervading effect of ice in its many forms and extreme seasonality of light and phytobiont productivity. Antarctica is, however, the most isolated continent on Earth and is the only one that lacks a continental shelf connection with another continent. This isolation, along with the many millions of years that these conditions have existed, has produced a fauna that is both diverse, with around 17,000 marine invertebrate species living there, and has the highest proportions of endemic species of any continent. The reasons for this are discussed. The isolation, history and unusual environmental conditions have resulted in the fauna producing a range and scale of adaptations to low temperature and seasonality that are unique. The best known such adaptations include channichthyid icefish that lack haemoglobin and transport oxygen around their bodies only in solution, or the absence, in some species, of what was only 20 years ago termed the universal heat shock response.

Marine biology. --- Oceanography. --- oceanography --- marine biology --- environment --- climate change --- climate change impacts --- Southern Ocean --- high Arctic --- ice --- seasonality --- phytobiont productivity --- Antarctica --- Antarctic fauna --- marine invertebrate species --- endemic species --- low temperature adaptations --- seasonality adaptions --- channichthyid icefish --- universal heat shock response --- gametogenic cycles --- vitellogenesis --- microtubule assembly --- locomotion --- metabolic rate --- whole-animal growth --- embryonic development --- limb regeneration --- echinoderms --- Southern Ocean fauna --- ecophysiological adaptations --- coldblooded marine species

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Energy metabolism at whole-body, cellular, and even organelle, i.e., mitochondrial, levels requires adequate regulation in order to maintain or improve (metabolic) health. In eukaryotic cells, mitochondria are key players in energy (ATP) production via oxidative phosphorylation. Both macro- and micronutrients potentially influence energy metabolism and mitochondrial functioning, either as substrates for (oxidative) catabolism or as essential constituents of enzymes or protein complexes involved in (mitochondrial) energy metabolism. This book contains a valuable collection of empirical preclinical and human studies to assist in the development of understanding and progress this area of research on improving health and, more specifically, metabolic health.

insulin --- lipogenesis --- obesity --- glucose homeostasis --- adipocytes --- cortisol --- ketones --- s-IgA --- exercise --- low carbohydrate diet --- NAFLD --- omega-3 --- krill oil --- phospholipids --- high-fat diet --- C57BL/6N mice --- thermoneutral temperature --- iron deficiency --- striated skeletal muscle --- physical capacity --- fatigue --- mitochondrial metabolism --- complex I --- resting metabolic rate --- prediction equation --- ageing adults --- overweight --- adiposity-based chronic disease --- energy balance --- metabolism --- n/a

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Pregnancy is a viewed as a window to future health. With the birth of the developmental origins of human adult disease hypothesis, research and clinical practice has turned its attention to the influence of maternal factors such as health and lifestyle surrounding pregnancy as a means to understand and prevent the inter-generational inheritance of chronic disease susceptibility. Outcomes during pregnancy have long-lasting impacts on both women on children. Moreover, nutrition early in life can influence growth and the establishment of lifelong eating habits and behaviors. This Special Issue on “Nutrition during Pregnancy and Lactation: Implications for Maternal and Infant Health” is intended to highlight new epidemiological, mechanistic and interventional studies that investigate maternal nutrition around the pregnancy period on maternal and infant outcomes. Submissions may include original research, narrative reviews, and systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

education --- 6?-sialyllactose --- milk composition --- growth chart --- overweight and obesity --- body composition --- pregnant women --- prenatal intervention --- thermal control --- slow digesting carbohydrates --- postpartum --- vitamin B12 --- micronutrients --- passive immunization --- antibodies --- physiological body-weight loss --- obesity --- proteolysis --- energy --- infant formula --- adolescents --- pregnancy --- gestational weight gain intervention --- randomized clinical trial --- food photography --- metabolic rate --- infancy --- micronutrient deficiency --- restraint --- folate --- nutrition --- lactation --- basal maintenance expenditure --- milk oligosaccharides --- maternal nutrition --- disinhibition --- weight retention --- DNA sequencing --- neuroplasticity --- generalized linear models --- metabolic flexibility --- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease --- prematurity --- full breastfeeding --- food cravings --- transcriptome --- maternal diet quality --- Healthy Eating Index --- human milk --- gestational weight gain --- energy expenditure --- lifestyle intervention --- RDA --- immunological properties --- mindful eating --- insulin-resistant pregnancy --- nutritional intervention --- DNA methylation --- neurobiology --- total sugars --- fetal growth --- overweight --- fetal development --- energy intake --- hippocampus --- race --- maternal obesity --- early programming --- uncontrolled and emotional eating --- breast milk --- health --- hepatic lipogenesis --- eating behavior --- physical activity --- Pregnancy --- meal replacements --- premature delivery --- sialic acid --- diet quality --- cognitive development --- iron --- growth --- breastfeeding