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Many heterogeneous causes (e.g., metabolic, inflammatory, autoimmune, vascular, and renal diseases, and even drugs), collectively grouped as secondary causes of osteoporosis, may lead to bone loss or damage to architecture through a number of mechanisms. Although these secondary causes of osteoporosis are the most frequently observed causes of unexpected bone loss, they can only be diagnosed via a high degree of suspicion and clinical experience and by performing the appropriate investigations. In inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis or chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, as well as vascular diseases, T-cell activation, and consequently pro-inflammatory cascades, trigger the increased expression of T-cell-derived RANKL. In addition, a new biomarker signature of bone-related miRNAs is promising in certain clinical features. Glucocorticoids, often used to control disease activity, decrease the number and function of osteoblasts and inhibit OPG expression. The ubiquitous occurrence of disease-related secondary changes in bone metabolism implies that numerous medical disciplines need to interact. Screening for secondary causes of osteoporosis and the search for new modes of action should present a substantial aspect of osteoporosis manageme.

Bones --- Osteoporosis --- Metabolism --- Disorders. --- Genetic aspects. --- Metabolic bone disease --- Vitamin D deficiency --- Diseases

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Os --- Minéraux --- Tissu osseux --- Bone Diseases, Metabolic. --- Minerals --- Bone and Bones --- Maladies --- Métabolisme --- metabolism --- Bones --- Mineral metabolism --- Mineral metabolism disorders --- Metabolic bone disease --- Metabolism --- Disorders --- metabolism. --- Maladies. --- Métabolisme.

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Bones --- Mineral metabolism --- Bone and Bones --- Bone Diseases, Metabolic --- Minerals --- Metabolic Bone Diseases --- Low Bone Density --- Low Bone Mineral Density --- Osteopenia --- Bone Density, Low --- Bone Disease, Metabolic --- Low Bone Densities --- Metabolic Bone Disease --- Osteopenias --- Mineral metabolism disorders --- Osteology --- Musculoskeletal system --- Bone --- Skeleton --- Diseases --- Metabolism&delete& --- Disorders --- metabolism --- Metabolism --- Metabolic bone disease --- Bone diseases, Metabolic --- Bone and bones

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Bones --- Mineral metabolism --- Metabolism --- Disorders --- Diseases --- Osteology --- Mineral metabolism. --- Diseases. --- Metabolism. --- Disorders. --- Musculoskeletal system --- Bone --- Skeleton --- Minerals in nutrition --- Minerals in the body --- Metabolic bone disease --- Musculoskeletal System Diseases

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The Bioarchaeology of Metabolic Bone Disease provides a comprehensive and invaluable source of information on this important group of diseases. It is an essential guide for those engaged in either basic recording or in-depth research on human remains from archaeological sites. The range of potential tools for investigating metabolic diseases of bone are far greater than for many other conditions, and building on clinical investigations, this book will consider gross, surface features visible using microscopic examination, histological and radiological features of bone, that can be used to help investigate metabolic bone diseases. *Clear photographs and line drawings illustrate gross, histological and radiological features associated with each of the conditions. *Covers a range of issues pertinent to the study of metabolic bone disease in archaeological skeletal material, including the problems that frequent co-existence of these conditions in individuals living in the past raises, the preservation of human bone and the impact this has on the ability to suggest a diagnosis of a condition. *Includes a range of conditions that can lead to osteopenia and osteoporosis, including previous investigations of these conditions in archaeological bone.

Paleopathology --- Bones --- Human remains (Archaeology) --- Bone Diseases, Metabolic --- Avitaminosis --- Bioarchaeology --- Skeletal remains (Archaeology) --- Human skeleton --- Primate remains (Archaeology) --- Osteology --- Musculoskeletal system --- Bone --- Skeleton --- Medical archaeology --- Pathology --- Metabolism&delete& --- Disorders --- diagnosis --- methods --- history --- etiology --- complications --- Metabolism --- Metabolic bone disease