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Brain Neoplasms --- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein --- Medulloblastoma --- Astrocytoma --- pathology --- metabolism

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MicroRNAs (miRs) are small noncoding RNAs that function as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and have important roles in almost all biological pathways. Deregulated miR expression has been detected in numerous cancers, where miRs act as both oncogene and tumor suppressors. Due to their important roles in tumorigenesis, miRs have been investigated as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers and as useful targets for therapeutic intervention. From a therapeutic point of view, two modalities can serve to rectify gene networks in cancer cells. For oncomiRs, a rational means is downregulation through antagomirs. Moreover, observations of the pathological reductions in tumor-suppressive miRs have inspired the concept of “miR replacement therapy” to enhance the amount of these miRs, thereby restoring them to normal levels. However, the clinical applicability of miR-based therapies is severely limited by the lack of effective delivery systems. Therefore, to understand the role of this new class of regulators, we need to identify the mRNA targets regulated by individual miRs as well as to develop specific, efficient, and safe delivery systems for therapeutic miRs.

Breast cancer --- Hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) --- MicroRNA (miRNA) --- miR526b --- miR655 --- Oxidative stress --- Migration --- Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) --- Prostaglandin E2 receptor 4 (EP4) --- PI3K/Akt --- adipokines --- endometrial cancer --- estrogens --- hyperinsulinemia --- insulin --- insulin resistance --- insulin signaling --- insulin-like growth factors --- microRNA --- miRNA --- ovarian cancer --- survival --- prognostic factor --- serum LDH --- blood biomarker --- circulating microRNA --- plasma --- immunotherapy --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- metastatic melanoma --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- metastasis --- exosome --- bioinformatics analysis --- renal cancer --- RCC --- ccRCC --- meta-analysis --- miRNAs --- normal B-cell development --- B-CLL --- miRNA-transcription factor network --- regulation --- biomarker --- therapy --- prognosis --- diagnosis --- progression --- prediction --- smoking --- non-small cell lung cancer --- methylation --- miR-584-5p --- YKT6 --- snoRNA --- 2′-O-methylation --- pseudouridylation --- malignant melanoma --- cancer stem cell --- stemness --- head and neck squamous cell carcinoma --- colon cancer --- cancer stem cells --- microRNAs --- deformability --- PARP --- replication stress --- targeted therapy --- breast cancer --- circulating biomarkers --- medulloblastoma --- brain tumour --- subgroups --- stem cells --- n/a --- 2'-O-methylation

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The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a major signaling intermediary that coordinates favorable environmental conditions with cell growth. Indeed, as part of two functionally distinct protein complexes, named mTORC1 and mTORC2, mTOR regulates a variety of cellular processes, including protein, lipid, and nucleotide synthesis, as well as autophagy. Over the last two decades, major molecular advances have been made in mTOR signaling and have revealed the complexity of the events implicated in mTOR function and regulation. In parallel, the role of mTOR in diverse pathological conditions has also been identified, including in cancer, hamartoma, neurological, and metabolic diseases. Through a series of articles, this book focuses on the role played by mTOR in cellular processes, metabolism in particular, and highlights a panel of human diseases for which mTOR inhibition provides or might provide benefits. It also addresses future studies needed to further characterize the role of mTOR in selected disorders, which will help design novel therapeutic approaches. It is therefore intended for everyone who has an interest in mTOR biology and its application in human pathologies.

n/a --- primary cilia --- neurodegeneration --- nutrient sensor --- PI3K --- transcriptomics --- phosphorylation --- metabolic reprogramming --- autophagy --- Alzheimer’s disease --- rapalogs --- liver --- angiogenesis --- mTOR complex --- MBSCs --- advanced biliary tract cancers --- Medulloblastoma --- epithelial to mesenchymal transition --- AMPK --- p70S6K --- lipid metabolism --- thyroid cancer --- sodium iodide symporter (NIS)/SLC5A5 --- male fertility --- anesthesia --- illumina --- mTOR inhibitor --- miRNA --- Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) --- eIFs --- Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) --- glucose --- AKT --- oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) --- glucose and lipid metabolism --- cellular signaling --- aging --- tumor microenvironment --- rapamycin --- leukemia --- chloral hydrate --- rapalogues --- schizophrenia --- T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia --- senescence --- lamin A/C --- neurotoxicity --- neurodevelopment --- inhibitor --- methamphetamine --- pulmonary fibrosis --- mTOR --- mTOR inhibitors --- combination therapy --- proteolysis --- fluid shear stress --- tumour cachexia --- biomarkers --- synapse --- gluconeogenesis --- mTOR signal pathway --- Sertoli cells --- immunosenescence --- miRNome --- protein aggregation --- senolytics --- metabolism --- NGS --- mTORC2 --- mTORC1 --- metabolic diseases --- IonTorrent --- apoptosis --- dopamine receptor --- nocodazole --- microenvironment --- everolimus --- acute myeloid leukemia --- immunotherapy --- spermatogenesis --- bone remodeling --- signalling --- targeted therapy --- ageing --- therapy --- NVP-BEZ235 --- fructose --- physical activity --- laminopathies --- MC3T3-E1 cells --- cell signaling --- microRNA --- cancer --- lipolysis --- melatonin --- Parkinson’s disease --- Alzheimer's disease --- Parkinson's disease

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Starting from a kinase of interest, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has gone far beyond an average biomolecule. Being expressed in all mammalian cell types and probably having a counterpart in every eukaryotic cell, AMPK has attracted interest in virtually all areas of biological research. Structural and biophysical insights have greatly contributed to a molecular understanding of this kinase. From good old protein biochemistry to modern approaches, such as systems biology and advanced microscopy, all disciplines have provided important information. Thus, multiple links to cellular events and subcellular localizations have been established. Moreover, the crucial involvement of AMPK in human health and disease has been evidenced. AMPK accordingly has moved from an interesting enzyme to a pharmacological target. However, despite our extensive current knowledge about AMPK, the growing community is busier than ever. This book provides a snapshot of recent and current AMPK research with an emphasis on work providing molecular insight, including but not limited to novel physiological and pathological functions, or regulatory mechanisms. Up-to-date reviews and research articles are included.

n/a --- HDACs --- transcription --- epigenetics --- spermatozoa --- par complex --- A769662 --- MDCK --- skeletal muscle --- AID --- phosphorylation --- energy metabolism --- monocytes --- autophagy --- CML --- liver --- hindlimb suspension --- pregnancy --- preeclampsia --- gestational diabetes mellitus --- CaMKK2 --- assisted reproduction techniques --- nutrient-sensing signals --- sonic hedgehog --- protein acetylation --- glycogen storage disease --- AMPK --- adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase --- AICAR --- indirect calorimetry --- IL-1? --- MyHC I(?) --- HDAC4/5 --- endothelial cells --- infection --- hepatocyte --- p70S6K --- lipid metabolism --- host defense --- exercise --- kidney disease --- heat shock protein --- ?RIM --- mycobacteria --- activation loop --- developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) --- CREB --- TAK1 --- metabolic-inflammation --- phenylephrine --- AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) --- KATs --- 2-methoxyestradiol --- DNA methylation --- NLRP3 --- pump --- ?-linker --- steatosis --- AMPK kinase --- stress --- endothelial nitric-oxide synthase --- vasodilation --- adherent junctions --- epithelial cells --- glycogen --- Akt --- synaptic activation --- cellular energy sensing --- glucose uptake --- transporter --- co-expression --- atrophy --- nutrigenomics --- motility --- vasoconstriction --- fatty acid oxidation --- oxidative stress --- AS160 --- membrane --- histone modification --- sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) --- chromatin remodeling --- insulin signalling --- dietary fatty acids --- ULK --- CMML --- adaptive thermogenesis --- mTOR --- MDS --- mechanical unloading --- AML --- endothelial function --- medulloblastoma --- PKA --- adipose tissue --- NAD⁺ --- membranes --- nutrition --- ZO-1 --- TBC1D4 --- adipocyte --- soluble Adenylyl cyclase --- metabolism --- renin-angiotensin system --- energy utilization --- proteasome --- differentiation --- signaling --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-? (PGC1?) --- hypertrophy --- AMP-activated protein kinase --- metabolic disease --- LKB1 --- soleus muscle --- macrophages --- Immediate early genes --- CBS --- beiging --- motor endplate remodeling --- ionomycin --- nectin-afadin --- tight junctions --- resveratrol --- protein kinase B --- regrowth --- mitochondria --- protein synthesis --- energy deficiency --- catechol-O-methyltransferase --- fiber-type --- microarrays --- carrier --- acetyl-CoA --- hypertension --- 3T3-L1 --- hypothalamus --- food intake --- benign

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Starting from a kinase of interest, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has gone far beyond an average biomolecule. Being expressed in all mammalian cell types and probably having a counterpart in every eukaryotic cell, AMPK has attracted interest in virtually all areas of biological research. Structural and biophysical insights have greatly contributed to a molecular understanding of this kinase. From good old protein biochemistry to modern approaches, such as systems biology and advanced microscopy, all disciplines have provided important information. Thus, multiple links to cellular events and subcellular localizations have been established. Moreover, the crucial involvement of AMPK in human health and disease has been evidenced. AMPK accordingly has moved from an interesting enzyme to a pharmacological target. However, despite our extensive current knowledge about AMPK, the growing community is busier than ever. This book provides a snapshot of recent and current AMPK research with an emphasis on work providing molecular insight, including but not limited to novel physiological and pathological functions, or regulatory mechanisms. Up-to-date reviews and research articles are included.

HDACs --- transcription --- epigenetics --- spermatozoa --- par complex --- A769662 --- MDCK --- skeletal muscle --- AID --- phosphorylation --- energy metabolism --- monocytes --- autophagy --- CML --- liver --- hindlimb suspension --- pregnancy --- preeclampsia --- gestational diabetes mellitus --- CaMKK2 --- assisted reproduction techniques --- nutrient-sensing signals --- sonic hedgehog --- protein acetylation --- glycogen storage disease --- AMPK --- adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase --- AICAR --- indirect calorimetry --- IL-1? --- MyHC I(?) --- HDAC4/5 --- endothelial cells --- infection --- hepatocyte --- p70S6K --- lipid metabolism --- host defense --- exercise --- kidney disease --- heat shock protein --- ?RIM --- mycobacteria --- activation loop --- developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) --- CREB --- TAK1 --- metabolic-inflammation --- phenylephrine --- AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) --- KATs --- 2-methoxyestradiol --- DNA methylation --- NLRP3 --- pump --- ?-linker --- steatosis --- AMPK kinase --- stress --- endothelial nitric-oxide synthase --- vasodilation --- adherent junctions --- epithelial cells --- glycogen --- Akt --- synaptic activation --- cellular energy sensing --- glucose uptake --- transporter --- co-expression --- atrophy --- nutrigenomics --- motility --- vasoconstriction --- fatty acid oxidation --- oxidative stress --- AS160 --- membrane --- histone modification --- sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) --- chromatin remodeling --- insulin signalling --- dietary fatty acids --- ULK --- CMML --- adaptive thermogenesis --- mTOR --- MDS --- mechanical unloading --- AML --- endothelial function --- medulloblastoma --- PKA --- adipose tissue --- NAD⁺ --- membranes --- nutrition --- ZO-1 --- TBC1D4 --- adipocyte --- soluble Adenylyl cyclase --- metabolism --- renin-angiotensin system --- energy utilization --- proteasome --- differentiation --- signaling --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-? (PGC1?) --- hypertrophy --- AMP-activated protein kinase --- metabolic disease --- LKB1 --- soleus muscle --- macrophages --- Immediate early genes --- CBS --- benign --- motor endplate remodeling --- ionomycin --- nectin-afadin --- tight junctions --- resveratrol --- protein kinase B --- regrowth --- mitochondria --- protein synthesis --- energy deficiency --- catechol-O-methyltransferase --- fiber-type --- microarrays --- carrier --- acetyl-CoA --- hypertension --- 3T3-L1 --- hypothalamus --- food intake